Questions and Answers
What method was used for measuring team skills in the study mentioned?
frequency counts of speech and communications acts
Which type of communication pattern is consistent with good crews?
What is task analysis?
Task analysis is an important tool that breaks a task down into its component task steps, actions, or cognitive processes to consider human factors implications of new technology.
What are the main techniques used in Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA)?
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Cognitive task analysis aims to identify explicit and implicit knowledge used by experts to solve problems.
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Critical decision method (CDM) uses a semi-structured interviewing technique to gather retrospective accounts of challenging incidents and to investigate phenomena that rely on subtle cues, knowledge, goals, expectancies, and expert strategies. It has ___ interview phases.
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Match the following elements of the Team Performance Model:
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Study Notes
Cognitive and Tasks
Task Analysis
- Task analysis is a tool that helps designers consider human factors when introducing new technology
- It breaks down a task into component steps, actions, or cognitive processes
- It provides an understanding of human-human and human-machine interactions
- Task analysis has been used for various purposes, including training, job design, and equipment design
- The task analysis has evolved over the years:
- 1900s: Analyzing tasks to find areas for performance improvement
- 1950s: Emergence of ergonomics as a stand-alone discipline
- 1960s: Combining psychology and engineering principles to break down tasks into physical and mental elements
- Present day: Complexity of task performance has increased, and so has the task analysis
Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA)
- CTA is an extension of traditional task analysis, examining cognitive expertise
- It uses techniques such as interviews, observations, and questionnaires
- CTA is used to develop instructional materials, decision support systems, and cognitive ergonomics
- It aims to determine the explicit and implicit knowledge experts use to solve problems or perform tasks
- There are 4 types of CTA:
- Observation and interviews
- Process tracing
- Conceptual techniques
- Formal models
- Case study: Recognizing a kick in well operations using applied cognitive task analysis (ACTA)
Critical Decision Method (CDM)
- CDM is a strategy for knowledge elicitation and cognitive task analysis
- It is designed to understand cognitive processes of expert decision making in critical, time-pressured crises
- Developed by Gary Klein and colleagues in 1986
- CDM uses a semi-structured interviewing technique to gather retrospective accounts of challenging incidents
- It has 4 interview phases:
- Incident identification
- Timeline construction
- Deepening probe
- What-if queries
- Example: Adaptation of CDM in shipboard fire fighting
Team Performance Model
- The team performance model summarizes the process variables that contribute to achieving a common goal
- The ultimate criterion of team performance is some measure of the degree to which the common goal is attained
- The model includes behavioral processes such as communication and coordination, as well as inferred cognitive and affective processes
- Example: Team performance exercise in maritime operation
Team Communication Analysis
- A few studies have shown the use of investigating communications when attempting to study team performance
- The analysis of communication patterns might offer important advantages for studying team processes
- Good crews demonstrate very consistent speech in terms of the sequence of speakers and the content of communications
- Mismatch between expectations and actual communications can be reduced through the standardization of communication patterns in teams, known as ‘closed-loop’ communication
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Description
This quiz covers the relationship between human cognitive abilities and the design of human-machine systems, including task analysis, cognitive task analysis, and team performance models.
