Cognitive Psychology: Information Processing Model

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The perceptual span limit was found to be about 4.5 items even for displays that were less than an eye fixation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They perceived the whole display but lost access to parts of it during the report. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reporting all items in a display regardless of their location. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Is partial report accuracy equivalent to whole report accuracy when combined across different cued locations? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sperling proposed a model of sensory memory called iconic memory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perception (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cones - detect color, Rods - detect light intensity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photoreceptors -&gt; Bipolar Cells -&gt; Ganglion Cells -&gt; Visual Cortex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The quick movement of the eyes from one location to another (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>25-175 msec (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>200 msec or less (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of items that can be perceived at a single glance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He conducted research on the limits of visual perception in single glances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The inability to determine the original source of a given image due to the infinite possible sources. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autonomous vehicles have a lower crash rate compared to humans, but this is not easily comparable because most crashes are caused by human error. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The difficulty in distinguishing between real and virtual objects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perception is a complex process that is not easily replicated by machines. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ease with which humans perceive the world can lead to overlooking the effort and resources required to create similar functionality in machines. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Law of Closure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>We make unconscious assumptions about the world based on our experiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>We perceive vertical and horizontal lines more easily than other angles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximity Principle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humans are better at perceiving objects in their natural environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The probability of an event based on previous knowledge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Movement provides us with multiple views of an object, leading to a more accurate perception. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bayesian Inference (B), Helmholtz’s Unconscious Inference (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expecting to see diamond rings in a display case at Tiffany's. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct Perception involves bottom-up processing, while Constructive Perception involves top-down processing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of items reported was significantly higher when participants were asked to report all items compared to when they were asked to report only a few items. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To test whether the iconic image fades over time and impacts partial report advantage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The partial report advantage would be eliminated with longer delays. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The use of a circle as the cue instead of a bar marker significantly reduced the accuracy of the partial report. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates that sensory memory is a short-lived but important stage in visual information processing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perceptual span is a reliable measure of the amount of information perceived. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>What is the format of representation in iconic memory? (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory memory is crucial for the selection and processing of information during attention. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence or absence of a cue signal to indicate which items to recall. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visual perception involves a brief sensory memory stage that allows for a quick snapshot of the visual world. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is directly accessible to conscious awareness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for the assessment of a larger portion of the displayed information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a brief, temporary representation of the visual scene that fades rapidly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The iconic image serves as a temporary buffer for visual information, allowing for further processing by higher cognitive functions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nature of sensory memory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sperling's work provides evidence for an attentional bottleneck that operates within sensory memory, filtering the information that is passed on to further processing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It demonstrated the existence of iconic memory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>7 ± 2 chunks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A collection of elements strongly associated with each other (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recoding changes the meaning of information in short-term memory, but it doesn't affect capacity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mnemonics help us store information more efficiently in long-term memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chunks in short-term memory function as pointers to information stored in long-term memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To estimate the capacity of short-term memory by identifying differences between two presented displays (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The overall length of time a chunk is retained in short-term memory varies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires participants to actively compare and contrast information, thus revealing their memory limitations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retention interval (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Older material interferes with the recollection of newer material. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce the impact of proactive interference by switching categories. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The counting task that participants performed during the retention interval. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RI involves interference from older material, while PI involves interference from newer material. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forgetting in short-term memory is a complex process that can be influenced by both decay and interference. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forgetting in short-term memory is a gradual process that occurs over a longer period of time, with a decline in performance after approximately 3 seconds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They varied the amount of time between each item being presented, using either a 1-second interval or a 4-second interval. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forgetting in short-term memory is primarily influenced by the number of interfering items, rather than the presentation rate itself. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forgetting may be caused by the interference from the task of counting itself, rather than simply by the passage of time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brown's study used a different type of memory task than Peterson &amp; Peterson's study, resulting in different findings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They demonstrated that short-term memory capacity is not fixed but can be influenced by the complexity of the items being remembered. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To explore the impact of interference from other items on short-term memory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transfer, Capacity, Forgetting, Representation, Retrieval (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Studying mental processes like memory, attention, and perception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Working Memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How information is copied into a store (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention, Short-term Memory, Working Memory, Perception (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serial recall requires remembering the order of items, while free recall does not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The average level of memory performance for items in the middle of the list. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces both the primacy and recency effects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High-frequency words show a stronger primacy effect than low-frequency words. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To demonstrate that different memory systems operate independently. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two different memory systems are affected in opposite ways by one or more independent variables. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Working memory primarily uses phonological representation, while long-term memory stores information in a sensory form. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory memory is short-lived and iconic, while working memory is long-lasting and semantic. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Participants reported fewer items in the whole report condition than in the partial report condition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iconic memory is a form of long-term memory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It supports the idea that attention is a necessary component of perception. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for a more precise measurement of iconic memory capacity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iconic memory is very brief, while short-term memory can last for several minutes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acoustic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory Memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Serial Exhaustive Search examines all items in the memory set, while the Serial Self-Terminating Search stops once a match is found. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Response time increases linearly with memory set size. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It highlights the importance of semantic coding in working memory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It refreshes and maintains auditory information in the phonological loop. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It integrates information from multiple sources and modalities into a unified representation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Working memory focuses on the active processing and manipulation of information, rather than just passive storage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It highlights the interference between the two systems responsible for processing the different types of information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The processes involved in working memory retrieval (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It controls and coordinates the activity of the different working memory components. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acoustic interference from rhyming distractors disrupts working memory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Semantic coding plays a significant role in short-term memory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They demonstrated that people can mentally rotate images. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It temporarily holds and maintains auditory information in working memory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A method for measuring working memory retrieval using recognition instead of recall. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers