Dual Processing Model Overview

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What does the sociometer theory propose about self-esteem?

It helps individuals infer their attitudes through social interactions.

Low self-esteem indicates social rejection. (correct)

It serves as a buffer against the anxiety of mortality.

It provides individuals with self-knowledge through introspection.

Which theory proposes that self-esteem buffers against mortality anxiety?

Self-serving bias theory

Self-perception theory

Sociometer theory

Terror management theory (correct)

What does the planning fallacy refer to?

Underestimating one's coping abilities.

Underestimating the costs and risks of future actions. (correct)

Overestimating the emotional impact of future events.

The tendency to attribute positive outcomes to internal factors.

Which cognitive processes contribute to individuals gaining self-knowledge?

Self-reflection and introspection Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of self-serving bias?

Attributing positive outcomes to internal factors Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that individuals infer their attitudes and beliefs by observing their own behavior?

Self-perception theory Signup and view all the answers

Which type of processing is fast, automatic, and relies on heuristics and shortcuts?

System 1 Signup and view all the answers

What type of thinking involves careful analysis and reasoning according to the dual processing model?

System 2 Signup and view all the answers

Which concept involves activating specific associations or concepts in memory to influence subsequent thoughts and behaviors?

Priming Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when expectations about a person influence their behavior in a way that confirms those expectations?

Self-fulfilling prophecy Signup and view all the answers

Which type of simulation involves mentally imagining events or scenarios that can influence subsequent judgments and decisions?

Simulation Signup and view all the answers

What effect can priming with words related to elderly people have on behavior?

Walking more slowly Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive bias is described as relying heavily on the first piece of information encountered when making judgments or decisions?

Anchoring Signup and view all the answers

Which memory phenomenon occurs when exposure to misleading information distorts memory of an event?

Misinformation effect Signup and view all the answers

What is a mental shortcut used to make judgments and decisions quickly and efficiently?

Heuristics Signup and view all the answers

Which heuristic involves judgments based on how well an event or person matches a prototype?

Representativeness heuristic Signup and view all the answers

What effect leads individuals to incorporate false details into their recollection of an event?

Misinformation effect Signup and view all the answers

In what situation does anchoring serve as a reference point for judgments and decisions?

When it is arbitrary or unrelated Signup and view all the answers

What does self-perception theory suggest about attitudes and behaviors?

Behaviors can shape attitudes, especially when attitudes are weak or ambiguous Signup and view all the answers

What is external justification in the context of behavior attribution?

Attributing behavior to external factors Signup and view all the answers

What is overjustification in behavior attribution?

Attributing behavior to external rewards rather than internal motives Signup and view all the answers

In the Freedman Robot Study, what did agreeing to a small request lead participants to do?

Agree to a larger request Signup and view all the answers

How did the Stanford Prison Study demonstrate the influence of social roles?

By illustrating how social roles can influence behavior and attitudes Signup and view all the answers

What did Kitayama et al. find regarding cognitive dissonance in different cultures?

Individuals from individualistic cultures experience less dissonance Signup and view all the answers

Why is maintaining trust in science crucial according to Oreskes (2019)?

To ensure scientific knowledge is based on empirical evidence and rigorous methods Signup and view all the answers

What are trigger features and how do they relate to dual process theory?

Stimuli that activate automatic responses and relate to the two modes of thinking proposed by dual process theory Signup and view all the answers

How can upward social comparisons impact self-esteem?

Lead to decreased self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'self-schema' refer to?

Cognitive structures that guide processing of self-relevant information Signup and view all the answers

Why do trigger features matter in understanding human responses?

Because they activate automatic responses based on evolutionary or learned associations Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of downward social comparisons on self-esteem?

Increase self-esteem Signup and view all the answers