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Questions and Answers
What does the term cognition refer to?
What does the term cognition refer to?
How does the cognitive approach to psychology primarily differ from other approaches?
How does the cognitive approach to psychology primarily differ from other approaches?
Who is considered the founder of experimental psychology and introduced introspection?
Who is considered the founder of experimental psychology and introduced introspection?
What concept did Mary Whiton Calkins discover?
What concept did Mary Whiton Calkins discover?
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What does the decline of introspection in cognitive psychology signify?
What does the decline of introspection in cognitive psychology signify?
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What did Hermann Ebbinghaus focus on in his memory studies?
What did Hermann Ebbinghaus focus on in his memory studies?
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How did William James contribute to cognitive psychology?
How did William James contribute to cognitive psychology?
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What is a key characteristic of cognition as described in cognitive psychology?
What is a key characteristic of cognition as described in cognitive psychology?
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What is the primary focus of the connectionist approach in cognitive psychology?
What is the primary focus of the connectionist approach in cognitive psychology?
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Which aspect is highlighted by modern cognitive psychologists regarding research methods?
Which aspect is highlighted by modern cognitive psychologists regarding research methods?
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What role does cognitive neuroscience play in the study of cognitive processes?
What role does cognitive neuroscience play in the study of cognitive processes?
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How does the computer metaphor relate to human cognition?
How does the computer metaphor relate to human cognition?
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What is meant by 'Zeitgeist' in the context of cognitive psychology?
What is meant by 'Zeitgeist' in the context of cognitive psychology?
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Which of the following is a limitation of traditional memory-studies?
Which of the following is a limitation of traditional memory-studies?
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Which of the following best describes the information processing system in cognitive psychology?
Which of the following best describes the information processing system in cognitive psychology?
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What advancement has significantly enhanced understandings in cognitive neuroscience?
What advancement has significantly enhanced understandings in cognitive neuroscience?
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What does divided attention refer to?
What does divided attention refer to?
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According to research, how does multitasking affect performance?
According to research, how does multitasking affect performance?
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Which theory proposes an early selection filter based on physical characteristics?
Which theory proposes an early selection filter based on physical characteristics?
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What does Treisman’s Filter Amplitude Theory suggest about attention?
What does Treisman’s Filter Amplitude Theory suggest about attention?
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What happens to attentional capacity when the perceptual load is high?
What happens to attentional capacity when the perceptual load is high?
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What phenomenon illustrates the difficulty of processing an unattended message in dichotic listening?
What phenomenon illustrates the difficulty of processing an unattended message in dichotic listening?
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Which scenario illustrates a high perceptual load?
Which scenario illustrates a high perceptual load?
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When driving, which is a safer communication option according to the content provided?
When driving, which is a safer communication option according to the content provided?
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What is described as a perspective that constrains alternative approaches to problems?
What is described as a perspective that constrains alternative approaches to problems?
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Who is recognized as the main proponent of Structuralism?
Who is recognized as the main proponent of Structuralism?
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Which method is primarily associated with Structuralism?
Which method is primarily associated with Structuralism?
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What psychological approach focuses on the processes of the mind rather than its contents?
What psychological approach focuses on the processes of the mind rather than its contents?
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What is a common problem associated with introspection?
What is a common problem associated with introspection?
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Which type of problem is characterized by 'aha moments'?
Which type of problem is characterized by 'aha moments'?
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What is one of the major criticisms of introspection within Structuralism?
What is one of the major criticisms of introspection within Structuralism?
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Which proponent is heavily identified with Functionalism?
Which proponent is heavily identified with Functionalism?
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What is a primary focus of the documentary 'What is Reality'?
What is a primary focus of the documentary 'What is Reality'?
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Who guides the exploration of the nature of reality in the documentary?
Who guides the exploration of the nature of reality in the documentary?
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Which theme suggests our experiences are constructed from sensory input?
Which theme suggests our experiences are constructed from sensory input?
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What type of conditions does the film examine to illustrate differences in perception?
What type of conditions does the film examine to illustrate differences in perception?
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What philosophical concept does the documentary raise questions about?
What philosophical concept does the documentary raise questions about?
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Study Notes
Cognitive Psychology: Definition and Origins
- Cognition refers to mental activities: acquiring, storing, processing, and utilizing knowledge.
- Cognitive processes are constantly active, enabling us to interpret and react to our environment.
- The cognitive approach emphasizes the influence of thoughts and knowledge on behavior.
Influential Origins of Cognitive Psychology
- Wilhelm Wundt: Introduced introspection as a method for studying mental processes, but it was later deemed subjective and unreliable.
- Hermann Ebbinghaus: Conducted early systematic memory research using nonsense syllables, exploring factors like retention intervals.
- Mary Whiton Calkins: Discovered the recency effect and advocated for studying cognition in real-world settings.
- William James: Focused on theorizing about everyday experiences, highlighting limitations of artificial memory tasks and promoting the importance of both lab and real-world research.
The Connectionist Approach
- Emphasizes networks of interconnected processing units, similar to neuronal connections in the brain.
- Suggests parallel processing, accounting for the efficiency and speed of human cognition.
Cognitive Neuroscience
- Integrates cognitive psychology with neuroscience to explore the neural basis of cognitive processes.
- Advanced neuroimaging techniques have enhanced our understanding of brain function and its role in cognition.
The Computer Metaphor of the Mind
- Compares human cognition to computer operations, highlighting shared principles like processing and limited capacity.
- Cognitive processes are viewed as information flowing through stages, similar to computer operations.
Zeitgeist in Psychology
- Refers to the prevailing ideas and trends of a particular period and place, influencing various aspects like fashion, generations, and academic thought.
- A mental set is a perspective or set of assumptions that frames problem solving, potentially limiting alternative approaches.
Structuralism
- Mental set: Understanding the mind by analyzing perceptions into their components.
- Method: Introspection.
- Proponent: Wilhelm Wundt.
- Problems: Introspection can be unreliable, cannot access all processes, and overlooks dynamic processes.
Functionalism
- Mental set: Understanding the mind by examining its processes rather than its contents.
- Method: Introspection, observation, experimentation.
- Proponent: William James.
- Heavy reliance on introspection.
Definition of Attention
- Attention is the concentration of awareness on a stimulus, excluding other stimuli.
Divided Attention
- Attempting to pay attention to multiple things simultaneously.
- Examples: multi-tasking (reading and instant messaging), talking on a cell phone while driving.
- Research suggests that multitasking is ineffective, leading to slower reaction times and reduced accuracy.
Measuring Divided Attention (Dichotic Listening)
- Two different messages are presented simultaneously to separate ears.
- Participants are instructed to shadow one message, typically noticing little about the unattended message.
Theories of Attention
- Broadbent’s Filter Theory: An early selective filter based on physical characteristics allows attention to one channel.
- Treisman’s Filter Amplitude Theory: This theory proposes that the filter "turns down" the volume of the unattended channel, rather than completely blocking it.
- Deutsch & Deutsch Late Selection Theory: All stimuli are processed, but one channel is quickly forgotten.
- Perceptual Load Theory: Attentional capacity is limited, and capacity allocated to the main task depends on its perceptual load.
Visual Search
- The process of finding a target in a visual display containing numerous distractions.
Mind Wandering
- Occurs when attention drifts from the current task towards internal thoughts.
- Research demonstrates that people can be unaware of mind wandering, even when probed.
What is Reality?
- The documentary explores the nature of reality, consciousness, and perception.
- Examines how the brain processes information and constructs our experiences.
- Investigates the relationship between perception and reality.
- Raises questions about free will and the objective nature of reality.
- Features experts from neuroscience, psychology, and philosophy.
- Encourages reflection on our perceptions and the complexities of consciousness.
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts and historical figures that shaped cognitive psychology. Learn about key contributors like Wilhelm Wundt, Hermann Ebbinghaus, and William James, and their influence on understanding cognitive processes. This quiz offers insights into the development of cognitive theories and methodologies.
