Cognitive Psychology 1: Attention II

<p>There is a possibility of identification without attention in the auditory domain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It combines aspects of both early and late selection theories (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identification requires focused attention. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The own-name effect. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They failed to control for slippage in attention. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through instructions given to the participants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They showed subconscious processing of words associated with electric shocks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>65% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Working memory capacity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difficulty focusing their attention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mix of unrelated words (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confusion over coherent to incoherent messages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To confirm previous findings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They often fail to replicate findings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Control their attention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To replicate previous findings on skin conductance changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In subjects who attended to the irrelevant channel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By presenting stimuli in different locations very briefly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enhances the identification of similar or same target words (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is automatic. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the center of the screen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>55ms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No identification of irrelevant stimuli. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention can shift unnoticed to irrelevant channels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Target is immediately visible. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The location of the prime relative to the target (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resources are focused exclusively on relevant stimuli. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Successful detection of targets in compatible conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased compatibility effect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Irrelevant stimuli can be identified if sufficient resources remain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early and late selection theories (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leakage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention cannot always be aimed precisely at the relevant channel. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention continues until it is fully accounted for or depleted. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It determines how much attention can be spared for processing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unattended stimuli are effectively ignored. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pouring from a large container into a smaller one. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides an alternative explanation based on resource allocation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The idea that we can only process the meaning of information if we pay attention to it. This means that if we identify a word in the irrelevant channel, it means we actually attended to it.

A phenomenon where people notice their own name even when they are trying to ignore other sounds, suggesting that they are processing the meaning of the ignored sounds.

The idea that people might unintentionally shift their attention to the 'irrelevant' channel, even when they are instructed to focus on the other channel.

The channel that is explicitly ignored while trying to focus on the other channel.

The channel that is being attended to and analyzed for meaning.

A research design using two independent variables, each with two levels, creating four unique conditions.

A stimulus that precedes a target and can influence the processing of the target.

The time it takes to respond to a stimulus.

The theory that unattended stimuli are not processed and do not reach conscious awareness, thus cannot influence behavior.

The idea that unattended stimuli are processed to some extent, and may influence behavior even without conscious awareness.

The idea that unattended stimuli are not completely blocked from processing, but their strength is reduced, allowing some information to "leak" through.

The phenomenon where attention involuntarily shifts towards irrelevant stimuli due to an inability to perfectly focus resources.

The tendency for attention to spread to the irrelevant channel when the relevant channel does not require all available attentional resources.

The ability to detect information from the irrelevant channel, indicating that some processing of unattended stimuli occurs.

A model of attention that suggests the amount of cognitive effort required for a task influences how much information can be processed from the irrelevant channel.

The phenomenon that occurs when an overload of information from the relevant channel reduces the ability to process information from the irrelevant channel.

A theory that suggests that selection of information occurs early in processing, before meaning is fully extracted, and unattended stimuli are only minimally processed.

The automatic processing of sensory information, such as recognizing shapes, colors, or sounds.

The theory proposes that attentional capacity is limited, and if processing of relevant stimuli consumes all available resources, irrelevant stimuli will not be identified.

The theory suggests that the identification of irrelevant stimuli occurs only when processing of relevant stimuli does not fully exhaust available resources.

The amount of cognitive resources needed to process the relevant stimuli in a task.

When the target stimulus is easily identifiable, without any effort required to search for it.

When the target stimulus is hidden among distractors, requiring effort to search and find it.

A difference in response time or accuracy when the distractor is compatible or incompatible with the target stimulus.

The effect of irrelevant stimuli on the processing of relevant stimuli, which is influenced by the perceptual load of the task.

The ability to hold and manipulate information in our minds.

In Conway's study, participants with lower WMC were more likely to notice their names in the irrelevant channel.

A procedure where participants are given a message in one ear (attended channel) and another message in the other ear (unattended channel). They are instructed to repeat the message from the attended channel, while ignoring the unattended message.

In the Channel Switching experiment, participants might shift their attention to the unshadowed ear when the message becomes incoherent, even though they're instructed to repeat the shadowed ear message.

Repeating a scientific study to verify the original findings with potential variations.

Replication studies are crucial for building confidence in scientific findings, but they're often unsuccessful, highlighting the importance of rigorous research.

A study that attempted to replicate previous findings on changes in skin conductance caused by unattended words. The results showed that skin conductance changes occurred, but only in subjects who sometimes attended to the irrelevant channel, failing to shadow the relevant one and recalling material from the irrelevant channel.

A study that aimed to investigate whether identification of a stimulus is possible without focused attention. The researchers used visual stimuli presented at different locations, and the irrelevant stimuli were presented very briefly (55ms). This was done to eliminate the possibility of attentional slippage by preventing shifts of attention to irrelevant locations within the short presentation time.

A type of experimental design that uses stimuli presented in locations different from the target stimulus. It's often used to investigate the role of visual attention in processing information.

It is the phenomenon where a previously presented stimulus, the prime, influences the processing and recognition of a subsequent stimulus, the target, even if the prime itself is not consciously perceived. For example, if the prime is the word “CAT” and the target is “DOG,” the prime can make it easier to identify the target as an actual word.

A mental representation of a concept that is activated in memory when a related stimulus is presented. For example, seeing the word “CAT” may activate a mental representation of “CAT” in your memory.

It is the time taken to respond to a stimulus. In the context of repetition priming, it can be used to measure the influence of the prime on the target processing by examining how quickly people can identify the target as a word or a non-word.

In attention research, this is the process of failing to notice a change in a scene or to miss a stimulus within a visual or auditory scene. It can be caused by factors like limited attentional resources or focusing on a specific task.

It is a task in psychology where participants are asked to attend to one stream of information while ignoring another. The ability to ignore irrelevant information is often referred to as selective attention.