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What occurs when the prime and target are the same location and identical?
What occurs when the prime and target are the same location and identical?
What does the actual result suggest about identification and attention?
What does the actual result suggest about identification and attention?
What was the task assigned to participants in Kouider et al. (2014)?
What was the task assigned to participants in Kouider et al. (2014)?
What conclusion does Kouider et al. (2014) tentatively suggest regarding identification?
What conclusion does Kouider et al. (2014) tentatively suggest regarding identification?
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What did Lavie's work imply about the assumptions of selection?
What did Lavie's work imply about the assumptions of selection?
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What is the primary assumption of Early Selection theories regarding attention and identification?
What is the primary assumption of Early Selection theories regarding attention and identification?
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What effect was observed when participants reported words from the irrelevant ear during a message switch?
What effect was observed when participants reported words from the irrelevant ear during a message switch?
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What did Lachter et al. argue regarding earlier experiments related to attention?
What did Lachter et al. argue regarding earlier experiments related to attention?
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According to the content, how is the classification of channels as relevant or irrelevant determined?
According to the content, how is the classification of channels as relevant or irrelevant determined?
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What did studies reveal about skin conductance changes when certain words were presented?
What did studies reveal about skin conductance changes when certain words were presented?
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What percentage of participants with low working memory capacity noticed their own name according to Conway's study?
What percentage of participants with low working memory capacity noticed their own name according to Conway's study?
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What factor primarily influences the own-name effect observed in participants?
What factor primarily influences the own-name effect observed in participants?
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What difficulty do participants with low working memory experience according to the findings?
What difficulty do participants with low working memory experience according to the findings?
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In the channel switching experiment, what type of messages did participants hear in the unshadowed ear?
In the channel switching experiment, what type of messages did participants hear in the unshadowed ear?
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What is suggested to be a common reason for participants to switch channels during the experiment?
What is suggested to be a common reason for participants to switch channels during the experiment?
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Why are replication studies considered crucial in psychological research?
Why are replication studies considered crucial in psychological research?
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What was a common result of replication studies mentioned in the document?
What was a common result of replication studies mentioned in the document?
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What does high working memory capacity enable participants to do better than those with low working memory capacity?
What does high working memory capacity enable participants to do better than those with low working memory capacity?
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What was the primary goal of Dawson & Schell's study?
What was the primary goal of Dawson & Schell's study?
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What did Dawson & Schell find regarding skin conductance changes?
What did Dawson & Schell find regarding skin conductance changes?
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How did Lachter et al. attempt to exclude slippage of attention?
How did Lachter et al. attempt to exclude slippage of attention?
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What is the main effect of repetition priming?
What is the main effect of repetition priming?
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What does late selection theory typically assume about perceptual processing?
What does late selection theory typically assume about perceptual processing?
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In Lachter et al.'s experiment, where was the target word always presented?
In Lachter et al.'s experiment, where was the target word always presented?
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What duration were the prime and target stimuli presented for in Lachter et al.'s study?
What duration were the prime and target stimuli presented for in Lachter et al.'s study?
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According to the hybrid theory, what is necessary for identification to occur?
According to the hybrid theory, what is necessary for identification to occur?
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What is the outcome when relevant stimuli consume all available resources?
What is the outcome when relevant stimuli consume all available resources?
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What was a finding of Dawson & Schell regarding attention?
What was a finding of Dawson & Schell regarding attention?
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In Lavie & Cox (1997), what characterizes low perceptual load conditions?
In Lavie & Cox (1997), what characterizes low perceptual load conditions?
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Which element is crucial for identifying words in a repetition priming scenario?
Which element is crucial for identifying words in a repetition priming scenario?
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What occurs during high perceptual load trials according to Lavie & Cox (1997)?
What occurs during high perceptual load trials according to Lavie & Cox (1997)?
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What is a compatibility effect in the context of the study by Lavie & Cox (1997)?
What is a compatibility effect in the context of the study by Lavie & Cox (1997)?
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What would be a potential outcome in a low load trial when irrelevant and relevant stimuli are identical?
What would be a potential outcome in a low load trial when irrelevant and relevant stimuli are identical?
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Which of the following is true about the processing of irrelevant stimuli in the presence of relevant stimuli?
Which of the following is true about the processing of irrelevant stimuli in the presence of relevant stimuli?
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What are the two major types of selection theories discussed?
What are the two major types of selection theories discussed?
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What is the process referred to as when information from the irrelevant channel is not fully blocked but rather attenuated?
What is the process referred to as when information from the irrelevant channel is not fully blocked but rather attenuated?
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Which of the following best describes slippage in relation to attentional resources?
Which of the following best describes slippage in relation to attentional resources?
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What does spillover suggest about the deployment of attention?
What does spillover suggest about the deployment of attention?
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In the context of load theory of attention, what role does perceptual load play?
In the context of load theory of attention, what role does perceptual load play?
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What is an outcome of the early selection theory supporting evidence?
What is an outcome of the early selection theory supporting evidence?
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Which metaphor is used to explain the concept of slippage?
Which metaphor is used to explain the concept of slippage?
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What aspect does Lachter’s theory differ from traditional early selection theory?
What aspect does Lachter’s theory differ from traditional early selection theory?
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Study Notes
Cognitive Psychology 1: Attention II
- Early selection theories assume unattended stimuli are not identified.
- Late selection theories propose unattended stimuli are identified and meaning is analyzed.
- Current evidence supports early selection, though stimuli from irrelevant channels can sometimes be identified.
- Irrelevant vs. Relevant Channel – Inputs from ignored channels (e.g., a conversation in the background) are considered irrelevant while the inputs from the attended channel are considered relevant (e.g., the conversation you are focused on).
Leakage
- Treisman (1960, 1964) proposed that filters do not block information from irrelevant channels, but rather attenuate it.
- Information from irrelevant channels "leaks" through the filter.
- Attenuated information can activate long-term memory concepts leading to stimulus identification.
Slippage and Spillover – Demonstration
- Water represents attentional resources.
- Small container represents the relevant channel.
- Large container represents the irrelevant channel.
- The aim of the demonstration is to pour water from the cup into the small container.
Slippage – Demonstration
- Visual demonstration showing pouring water into a small container (relevant channel).
- The difficulty of precisely directing the water (attentional resources) shows the unavoidable slippage into the irrelevant channel.
Slippage
- Metaphor: Precisely directing attention (like aiming water) is not always possible.
- Consequence: if attention is not precisely focused, it may slip to an irrelevant channel.
Spillover – Demonstration
- Visual demonstration showing water gradually transferring (spilling) into the secondary container.
Spillover
- Metaphor: Attention cannot be stopped until its resources are used up.
- Consequence: If the relevant channel requires less attention than available, attention will "spill over" to the irrelevant channel.
Slippage – Lachter et al. (2004)
- Research challenges the assumption of identification without attention, prevalent for over 40 years.
- Proposes a need to re-evaluate previous experiments.
- Aims to show that Broadbent's theory lacks identification without attention.
Repetition Priming in Different Locations
- In classic priming, both prime and target stimulus are at the same location.
- In Lachter et al. (2014), prime stimulus was presented in a different location to the target stimulus, keeping the target at the center.
Lachter et al. Results (Same Location)
- Four experimental conditions.
- Faster reaction times when both prime and target stimuli are the same.
- Slower reaction times when both stimuli were different.
Lachter et al. – Results Overview
- Possible outcome 1: Broadbent was right; no identification without attention.
- Possible outcome 2: Broadbent was wrong; identification does occur without attention; and priming location has an effect on RT.
- Actual outcome: identification cannot occur without attention (Broadbent was correct).
Kouider et al. (2014)
- Used auditory stimuli (animals vs. man-made objects).
- Participants responded with different hands based on object category.
- During sleep participants reacted in sleep suggesting priming words must involve meaning.
- Conclusion: identification may occur without attention, especially in the auditory domain.
Lavie (1995) – Spillover
- Combination of early and late selection assumptions.
- Perceptual processing is automatic and capacity-limited.
- If processing of relevant stimuli consumes all resources, there is no processing of irrelevant stimuli.
- "Spillover" occurs when relevant channel resources are not used to full capacity.
Lavie & Cox (1997)
- Task: Detect target letter X/N in circle with flanking letters.
- Compatible trials: Target and flanker are same (e.g. X X).
- Incompatible trials: Target and flanker are different (e.g. X N)
Lavie & Cox (1997) – Low Perceptual Load Condition
- High compatibility effect (40ms difference).
- Flanker is processed in the unattended channel.
Lavie & Cox (1997) – High Perceptual Load Condition
- Small compatibility effect (4ms difference).
- Flanker is not processed in the irrelevant channel.
Lavie & Cox (1997)
- Hypothesis: Compatibility effect occurs for low load trials, but not for high load tasks.
- Compatibility effect = different reaction times based on stimuli compatibility (identical/different).
Lachter vs. Lavie
- Both support no identification without attention.
- Lachter: attention focus prevents slippage, irrelevant processing is avoidable.
- Lavie: attention capacity is limited; irrelevant processing can be unavoidable under low perceptual load.
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Description
This quiz covers key theories of attention in cognitive psychology, including early and late selection models. It explores how unattended stimuli can be identified and the concept of information leakage from irrelevant channels. Additionally, the demonstration of attentional resources through slippage and spillover is discussed.
