Questions and Answers
What does Broadbent's Filter Model of Attention propose?
What is the output of the detector in Broadbent's model sent to?
Short-term memory
The cocktail party effect refers to the ability to focus on multiple stimuli at once.
False
Which term describes the ability to focus on one conversation at a noisy gathering?
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What is the role of the filter in Broadbent's model?
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What does the early selection model focus on?
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Match the following models with their descriptions:
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Treisman's attenuation model replaced Broadbent's filter with an attenuator.
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The amount of information input that a person can handle is known as ________.
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What is Sensory memory according to Broadbent?
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What is the primary function of the Detector in Broadbent's model?
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Study Notes
Broadbent's Filter Model of Attention
- Describes a process where input goes through sensory memory, a filter, detector, and then memory.
- Proposes a filter that allows attended stimuli to pass while blocking unattended ones.
- Developed to explain outcomes of Cherry's dichotic listening experiments.
- Represents an early selection model; exemplified by the cocktail party effect.
Early Selection Model
- Explains selective attention through pre-emptive filtering of unattended messages.
- Filtering occurs prior to analyzing the meaning of messages.
Cocktail Party Effect
- Ability to concentrate on one conversation while ignoring distractions, common in social settings.
Sensory Memory (Broadbent)
- Temporarily holds all incoming sensory information for a brief moment.
- Transfers information to the filter for further processing.
Filter (Broadbent)
- Identifies attended messages based on physical characteristics like tone, pitch, and speed.
- Blocks out all other messages to prevent processing interference.
Detector (Broadbent)
- Analyzes the received attended message to extract higher-level attributes, such as meaning.
- Processes all information that passes through the filter.
Output (Broadbent)
- The detector's output is sent to short-term memory, which retains information for about 10-15 seconds.
- This information can be transferred to long-term memory for indefinite storage.
Other Early Selection Models
- Includes Neville Moray's experiment, Gray & Wedderburn's "Dear Aunt Jane", and modifications by Anne Treisman.
Neville Moray's Dichotic Listening Experiment
- Participants shadowed a message in one ear while ignoring the other.
- Found that one-third recognized their name in the unattended ear, contradicting Broadbent's model.
Gray and Wedderburn's "Dear Aunt Jane"
- Participants heard "dear 7 jane" in one ear and "9 aunt 6" in the other ear.
- Reported hearing "dear aunt jane," showing that meaning can influence what is processed, in opposition to Broadbent's filtering model.
Treisman's Attenuation Model of Attention
- Modifies Broadbent's model with an attenuator that processes messages based on physical traits, language, and meaning.
- Introduces a dictionary unit that recognizes familiar words, explaining why certain unattended messages can be perceived.
Late Selection Model
- Proposes that stimulus selection for final processing occurs only after meaning is analyzed.
- Information processing fully considers meaning before selection occurs.
MacKay (1973) Dichotic Listening
- Demonstrates the late selection model by presenting a sentence biased by context words.
- Found that the meaning of biasing words influenced participants' choices, suggesting late processing influences attention.
Early-Late Controversy
- Ongoing debate regarding the conditions under which early versus late selection occurs without a definitive conclusion.
Processing Capacity
- Refers to the volume of information a person can effectively handle.
- Determines a limit on the individual's ability to process information.
Perceptual Load
- Associated with task difficulty:
- Low-load tasks consume less processing capacity.
- High-load tasks require more processing resources.
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Test your understanding of attention theories in Psychology with these flashcards. Focus on Broadbent's Filter Model and other early selection models, perfect for enhancing your knowledge of cognitive processes. Ideal for students preparing for exams or seeking to deepen their understanding of attention mechanisms.
