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Questions and Answers
What analogy does Tolman use to describe the function of the central office in processing stimuli?
What analogy does Tolman use to describe the function of the central office in processing stimuli?
- It functions similar to a navigation system that directs vehicles.
- It resembles a map control room rather than a telephone exchange. (correct)
- It acts like a factory assembly line managing production.
- It operates like a traditional post office sorting mail.
According to the stimulus-response school, how is the behavior of the rat in the maze characterized?
According to the stimulus-response school, how is the behavior of the rat in the maze characterized?
- The rat passively responds to external stimuli. (correct)
- The rat exhibits learned behavior based on past experiences.
- The rat is actively engaged in strategic planning.
- The rat demonstrates cognitive problem-solving abilities.
What type of processing occurs in the central control room, according to Tolman?
What type of processing occurs in the central control room, according to Tolman?
- Fast processing with minimal elaboration.
- Simple processing with one-to-one connections.
- Tentative and cognitive-like elaboration of stimuli. (correct)
- Automatic responses without processing of information.
What does the term 'stimuli' refer to in the context of the rat's behavior in the maze?
What does the term 'stimuli' refer to in the context of the rat's behavior in the maze?
What is implied by the description of the central control room's function in Tolman's theory?
What is implied by the description of the central control room's function in Tolman's theory?
What flaw in traditional approaches does Tolman's view of the central control room address?
What flaw in traditional approaches does Tolman's view of the central control room address?
What does the tentative map determine about an animal's behavior?
What does the tentative map determine about an animal's behavior?
Which group in the maze experiment was not fed for the shortest duration?
Which group in the maze experiment was not fed for the shortest duration?
What did Skinner argue about the responses to physical objects or events?
What did Skinner argue about the responses to physical objects or events?
Which statement best describes the focus of Skinner's 'Verbal Behavior'?
Which statement best describes the focus of Skinner's 'Verbal Behavior'?
What was the primary purpose of the maze experiment for Group II?
What was the primary purpose of the maze experiment for Group II?
How does Skinner's view contrast with cognitive theories regarding language?
How does Skinner's view contrast with cognitive theories regarding language?
What can be inferred about the role of food in the maze experiments?
What can be inferred about the role of food in the maze experiments?
Which aspect is most likely emphasized in cognitive maps regarding animal behavior?
Which aspect is most likely emphasized in cognitive maps regarding animal behavior?
Which discipline is NOT associated with cognitive processes?
Which discipline is NOT associated with cognitive processes?
What concept did Watson advocate regarding the nature of psychology?
What concept did Watson advocate regarding the nature of psychology?
According to Tolman, how do some psychologists view learning in animals?
According to Tolman, how do some psychologists view learning in animals?
What process is primarily associated with the study of neurons and brain structures?
What process is primarily associated with the study of neurons and brain structures?
Which of the following is least likely to be a focus within cognitive psychology?
Which of the following is least likely to be a focus within cognitive psychology?
Which research approach emphasizes objective observation over introspection?
Which research approach emphasizes objective observation over introspection?
What does the term 'observed behavior' primarily relate to?
What does the term 'observed behavior' primarily relate to?
Which aspect is NOT a component of cognitive processes as outlined?
Which aspect is NOT a component of cognitive processes as outlined?
What does the term 'mental chronometry' refer to?
What does the term 'mental chronometry' refer to?
Choice Reaction Time is characterized by what fundamental requirement in response?
Choice Reaction Time is characterized by what fundamental requirement in response?
Which method is mentioned to estimate stimulus evaluation time?
Which method is mentioned to estimate stimulus evaluation time?
What is a key aspect of cognitive models illustrated by the 'boxes and arrows' metaphor?
What is a key aspect of cognitive models illustrated by the 'boxes and arrows' metaphor?
Which cognitive phenomenon highlights the challenge of introspection in studying cognitive processes?
Which cognitive phenomenon highlights the challenge of introspection in studying cognitive processes?
What is the primary focus of attentional overload in cognitive studies?
What is the primary focus of attentional overload in cognitive studies?
Chomsky's assertion regarding stimuli suggests what about human cognitive response?
Chomsky's assertion regarding stimuli suggests what about human cognitive response?
How does the computer metaphor relate to cognitive science?
How does the computer metaphor relate to cognitive science?
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Study Notes
Cognitive Processes: History and Methods
- Psychology encompasses various disciplines such as economics, sociology, neuroscience, and cognitive psychology, focusing on mental processes and behavior.
- Behaviorism, introduced by Watson, views psychology as an objective experimental branch of natural science, minimizing the need for introspection.
- Watson emphasized that animal behavior can be studied without considering consciousness, contrasting psychology with subjective disciplines.
Tolman's Contributions
- Tolman challenged the stimulus-response (S-R) model, asserting that learning involves cognitive maps rather than mere connections between stimuli and responses.
- He described animal navigation, particularly in mazes, as guided by a cognitive-like map created from incoming stimuli and environmental relationships.
- His experiments illustrated that learning occurs through information processing rather than simple response patterns, highlighting the differences in behavior across various conditions.
Skinner and Language
- Skinner attempted to explain language through S-R relationships in "Verbal Behavior," proposing that responses to stimuli are under the control of subtle properties of the objects or events.
- Chomsky critiqued Skinner's approach, arguing that human language cannot be fully explained by behaviorist principles, emphasizing the complexity of language acquisition.
Technological Influence
- Technology's role in studying cognitive processes includes addressing attentional overload and employing computer metaphors to model cognitive functions.
- Mental processes are often represented through cognitive models utilizing boxes and arrows to depict information processing and transfer.
Mental Chronometry
- Mental chronometry measures reaction times to assess cognitive processes.
- Simple Reaction Time (SRT) involves responding to a single stimulus, while Choice Reaction Time (CRT) requires responses to multiple stimuli, allowing for the estimation of stimulus evaluation time through Donder’s subtraction method.
Investigating Cognitive Processes
- Cognitive processes are often investigated indirectly due to challenges associated with introspection and consciousness.
- Understanding cognitive biases is crucial in unraveling the complexities of human thought and behavior.
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