Cognitive Psychology Overview

<p>Physical Regularity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Light-from-Above Assumption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unconscious assumptions we make about the environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structuralism focused on individual sensory elements rather than the holistic organization of perception. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Past experience can influence perception, but it is secondary to intrinsic organizing principles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The brain's ability to create perceptual experiences that are not directly present in the sensory input. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perceiving a series of dots arranged in a curved line as a single continuous curve, rather than individual dots. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Donders systematically measured behavior to infer mental processes, while philosophical approaches were largely based on reasoning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He established the first psychology laboratory and formally structured scientific study in the field. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reduction in repetitions needed to relearn a list compared to the original learning; it quantified memory retention. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The researcher is only measuring choice reaction time because participants have two options. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It relied on training participants to describe their conscious experience in response to stimuli, but the results were subjective and difficult to verify. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dendrites (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transmitting electrical signals to other neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Nerve Net Theory suggested a continuous network of fused nerve fibers, whereas the Neuron Doctrine posited that neurons are discrete and not continuous. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Memory drops rapidly at first, then the rate of forgetting slows down over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a gap between neurons where chemical signals are transmitted. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enabled the first clear visualization of individual neurons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A reduced amount of time is required to relearn previously learned information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cajal used Golgi's staining technique to develop the Neuron Doctrine, contradicting the Nerve Net Theory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Items at the beginning and end of a list are easier to recall than items in the middle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repeated learning and review sessions are crucial for combating forgetting and improving long-term retention. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To respond to environmental stimuli and convert them into neural signals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrically, via action potentials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By writing the first treatise on the science of psychology and teaching the first U.S. psychology course. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To restrict psychological study to objectively observable behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The bell sound. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To condition a fear response in a child through stimulus association. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired understanding of language, despite fluent and grammatically correct speech. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temporal Lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebellum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specific cognitive functions activate multiple areas of the brain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The structural and functional map of neural connections in the brain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resting-State fMRI (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is associated with mind-wandering and self-related thoughts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individual differences in the density of axons connecting different brain areas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The experience resulting from the stimulation of the senses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensing a change in your heart rate after exercise. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of reaction times to infer cognitive processing.

The time taken to react to the presence or absence of a single stimulus.

The time to respond to one of two or more stimuli.

Established the first psychology lab and is the father of experimental psychology.

Studied memory retention using nonsense syllables to measure forgetting over time.

A graph showing memory retention over time after learning, indicating rapid forgetting initially followed by a plateau.

Graphs that illustrate the rate of memory loss and emphasize the importance of repeated learning.

The tendency to recall the first (primacy) and last (recency) items in a list better than those in the middle.

Perception influenced by surrounding context, affecting how we perceive stimuli, like size and color.

A psychological approach emphasizing mental processes' functions rather than strict experimental methods.

A psychological perspective that studies only observable behaviors, avoiding introspection and mental states.

A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a response through pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.

A behaviorist experiment demonstrating emotional conditioning by pairing loud noises with white animals to induce fear in a child.

Perception of objects based on what is most likely to cause the stimuli pattern.

Perceptions result from unconscious assumptions about the environment.

Psychologists who proposed laws of organization in perception.

Lines are perceived as following the smoothest path.

Processing stimuli based on intrinsic, hard-wired principles.

The tube that transmits electrical signals from the neuron to other neurons at the synapse.

Branch-like structures that receive electrical signals from other neurons.

The small gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another.

The theory that neurons are individual cells that transmit signals and are not continuous with other neurons.

The outdated idea that neurons are interconnected and form a continuous network.

An electrical impulse that propagates along the axon, transmitting neural information.

Chemicals that transmit signals between neurons at the synapse.

Specialized structures that respond to environmental stimuli like light or chemicals.

A condition from damage to Wernicke's area, leading to language comprehension issues and incoherent speech.

Brain region responsible for vision and perception, housing the visual cortex.

Part of the brain linked to movement, problem-solving, and personality.

Region of the brain involved in hearing, language, and memory.

Controls basic life functions: consciousness, breathing, and heart rate.

Responsible for posture, balance, and coordination of movement.

A cognitive process activating multiple brain areas simultaneously.

The brain's wiring diagram formed by axons connecting different areas.

How neuron groups coordinate concerning cognitive tasks.

Largest brain network active during rest, associated with mind-wandering.

Stimulus patterns are perceived in the simplest form possible.

Similar items are perceived as grouped together in visual scenes.

Interpreting sensory information using prior knowledge and expectations.

Understanding stimuli from raw sensory input, without context or prior knowledge.

Vertical and horizontal orientations are perceived more easily than oblique ones.