Cognitive Neuroscience Exam 1 Review
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of the visual system?

  • To facilitate tactile interactions with objects
  • To enhance memory recall of visual images
  • To process and understand visual information (correct)
  • To interpret auditory signals from the environment

Which principle is associated with Gestalt psychology in visual perception?

  • The understanding that the whole is different from the sum of its parts (correct)
  • The belief that visual perception is entirely learned
  • The assertion that all perception is based on cultural influences
  • The idea that perception is based solely on sensory input

What is an example of a failure of attention?

  • Successfully tracking multiple moving objects
  • Inability to recognize faces in photographs
  • Overhearing a conversation while reading
  • Not noticing a change in the environment despite being focused (correct)

Which of the following describes the dorsal stream in the visual system?

<p>Guides actions and spatial awareness of objects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory accounts for how different features of an object are combined in perception?

<p>Feature Integration Theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for the communication of electrical impulses within a neuron?

<p>Axon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of white matter in the brain?

<p>Facilitating communication between different brain regions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a BOLD signal in fMRI represent?

<p>Blood oxygenation level changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is used to measure the brain's electrical activity non-invasively?

<p>EEG (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of double dissociation demonstrate in cognitive neuroscience?

<p>That two functions can occur independently in the brain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between primary and non-primary cortices?

<p>Primary cortices process sensory information directly, while non-primary cortices are associative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of neural methods, what does 'Single Unit Recording' specifically measure?

<p>The electrical activity of a single neuron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'cortical magnification'?

<p>The proportional allocation of brain area relative to sensory input size (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept explains how context can influence what we perceive visually?

<p>Top-down processing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a receptive field in the visual system?

<p>To respond to specific visual stimuli in a particular area of the visual field (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between attention and processing load?

<p>Higher processing load can reduce the capacity for attention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Spotlight Theory of Attention propose?

<p>Attention operates like a spotlight, illuminating only a part of the visual field (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the difference between endogenous and exogenous attention?

<p>Endogenous attention is controlled by internal goals, while exogenous attention is influenced by external stimuli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the function of glial cells?

<p>They support, nourish, and protect neurons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major difference between gray matter and white matter in the brain?

<p>Gray matter is primarily composed of neuronal cell bodies, while white matter consists mainly of myelinated axons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for involuntary functions such as breathing and heart rate?

<p>Hindbrain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the corpus callosum?

<p>To connect the left and right hemispheres of the brain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'laminar organization' refer to in the context of the brain's cortex?

<p>The layering of neurons in the cerebral cortex. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow?

<p>Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the concept of 'localization of function' in cognitive neuroscience?

<p>It implies that specific brain regions are associated with particular cognitive functions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavioral method is primarily focused on assessing the mental processes involved in tasks?

<p>Behavioral observation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Perception

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information to understand the world around us.

Gestalt Principles

A set of rules that describe how our brains group visual elements together to form meaningful patterns.

Top-Down Processing

Using prior knowledge and expectations to interpret sensory information.

Dorsal Stream

A pathway in the visual system responsible for processing spatial information, like location and movement.

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Attention

The ability to focus on specific information while ignoring distractions.

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What is Cognitive Psychology?

Cognitive Psychology is the study of mental processes, including perception, attention, memory, language, and reasoning. It explores how people acquire, process, and use information.

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What did Broca discover?

Broca discovered the Broca's area in the brain, which is crucial for language production. Damage to this area can lead to expressive aphasia, a difficulty in speaking and writing.

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What is the Neuron Doctrine?

The Neuron Doctrine states that the nervous system is composed of distinct, individual cells called neurons, which are the basic functional units.

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What is the function of the hindbrain?

The hindbrain controls basic life functions like breathing, heart rate, sleep-wake cycles, and balance. It also plays a role in motor coordination.

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What is white matter?

White matter is composed of myelinated axons, which are long, insulated fibers that carry signals between different parts of the brain and the spinal cord.

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What is cortical magnification?

Cortical magnification refers to the disproportionate amount of brain tissue devoted to processing information from different parts of the body or sensory field, such as the hands or the fovea.

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What does TMS measure?

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) uses magnetic pulses to temporarily stimulate or disrupt brain activity, allowing researchers to investigate the role of specific brain regions in cognitive function.

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What does FMRI measure?

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow, which are associated with neural activity.

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Bottom-up processing

Processing information based solely on sensory input, without prior knowledge or expectations.

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Visual search

A task that requires finding a specific target among distractors, used to study attentional processes.

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Stroop effect

A demonstration of interference between automatic and controlled processes, where reading a word (automatic) interferes with naming its color (controlled).

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Who was Broca?

A French physician who discovered a region in the brain crucial for language production. Damage to this area can lead to difficulty speaking.

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Study Notes

Cognitive Neuroscience - Exam 1 Review

  • Cognitive Psychology is the study of the mind, including figures like Donders, Wundt, and Ebbinghaus.
  • Cognitive psychology also includes areas like Broca's work, Gall & Phrenology, Chomsky's theories, Behaviorism, and the Cognitive Revolution.
  • The Information Processing Approach is a key aspect of cognitive study.
  • Cognitive Neuroscience studies the brain structure and function related to cognition.
  • Neurons and Glial Cells are fundamental elements of the nervous system.
  • Neuron function involves communication via electrical and chemical signals, including action potentials. Neurons communicate via electrical and chemical communication.
  • Neuroanatomy includes the lobes, the structure, function and organization of the cortex and subcortical structures.
  • Brain regions: the hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain, and their components (basal ganglia, thalamus, limbic system) are important.
  • White matter and gray matter have distinct structural and functional roles, and their organization is critical.
  • The corpus callosum is a crucial bridge between the hemispheres.
  • Primary cortices perform specific functions, while non-primary areas are associated with more complex processing.
  • Cortical magnification relates to the density of representation in the cortex.
  • Connectivity, localization of function and double dissociation are key areas in neuroscientific research.

Cognitive Neuroscience Methods

  • Behavioral methods are a common approach to studying cognition.
  • Neural methods assess brain activity through various measures like single-unit recordings, EEG, TMS, PET, fMRI and neurosurgery, neuropsychology, and modeling.
  • BOLD signals represent blood oxygenation level-dependent changes, and voxels are the fundamental units of measurement in fMRI.
  • fMRI measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. Differences between EPI and anatomical images are important to understand when studying using fMRI.
  • Different types of fMRI designs, like block and event-related designs, provide different insights. Preprocessing steps in fMRI analysis are crucial for accurate results including motion correction, spatial smoothing, coregistration, and normalization.
  • Statistical analyses are used to analyze the results.
  • Other neural methods include EEG, TMS and modeling.

Perception

  • Perception involves interpreting sensory information.
  • Factors shaping perception include context effects, top-down vs bottom-up processing, and gestalt principles. Gestalt principles are used to organize sensory information.
  • Visual perception is organized into paths and uses specific areas like primary visual cortex, retina, and receptive fields.
  • Experience dependent plasticity, grouping principles and unconscious inferences, perceptual organization, and the visual pathway are important concepts.

Attention

  • Attention involves focusing on specific stimuli.
  • Models of attention include endogenous and exogenous attention, spotlight theory, and object-based attention. Types of attention and how these models relate to scanning and eye movements is important.
  • Attentional processes are examined via tasks like visual search and dichotic listening and tasks that highlight failures of attention including inattentional blindness, change blindness, and neglect syndrome. Stroop effect is mentioned as relevant.
  • Processing load and capacity affect attention.

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Prepare for your Cognitive Neuroscience Exam with this comprehensive review quiz. Dive into key concepts of cognitive psychology, neuron functions, and neuroanatomy, including brain regions and their roles. Test your understanding of the intricate relationship between cognition and brain structure.

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