Cognitive Models of Language Learning
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Questions and Answers

Which cognitive model emphasizes that language learning occurs through building associations between stimuli and responses?

  • Connectionism (correct)
  • Multidimensional model
  • Competition Model
  • Constructivist model

The Competition Model focuses exclusively on grammatical structures without considering forms.

False (B)

What is the term used for the ability to reflect on and manipulate language structures consciously?

Metalinguistic Awareness

According to the multidimensional model, learners acquire grammatical structures in a __________ sequence.

<p>developmental</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach suggests that language learning happens through exposure and pattern recognition rather than explicit rule acquisition?

<p>Connectionism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bilingual individuals typically show decreased creativity and problem-solving abilities.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the cognitive models with their key characteristics:

<p>Multidimensional model = Gradual instruction focusing on developmental sequences Competition Model = Mapping between external form and internal function Connectionism = Associations between linguistic stimuli and responses PDP = Processing in a network of interconnected nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive advantage do bilingual individuals commonly exhibit?

<p>Enhanced creativity and problem-solving abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the cognitive effort required for language switching among bilinguals?

<p>Cognitive load (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Communicative competence only involves knowledge of grammatical rules.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive advantage is often linked to bilingualism?

<p>Enhanced metalinguistic awareness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two levels of context that affect language learning?

<p>Microsocial and macrosocial</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bilingual individuals generally perform similarly to monolinguals in tasks of cognitive flexibility.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does lifelong bilingualism have on elderly individuals regarding cognitive decline?

<p>It may delay the onset of age-related cognitive decline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Second Language Acquisition (SLA) involves understanding both ___ and ___ dimensions of communication.

<p>linguistic, social</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bilingual children often show better performance in tasks requiring __________ awareness.

<p>metalinguistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of language learning with their definitions:

<p>Cognitive load = Mental effort in language switching Sociolinguistic norms = Social rules governing language use Microsocial context = Immediate surrounding circumstances affecting language learning Macrosocial context = Broader cultural and political influences on language acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cognitive advantages with their descriptions:

<p>Cognitive Flexibility = Ability to switch between tasks or concepts Divergent Thinking = Generating multiple solutions to a problem Metalinguistic Awareness = Thinking about and manipulating language structures Cognitive Reserve = Ability to cope better with symptoms of dementia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is not mentioned as affecting Second Language Acquisition within similar social circumstances?

<p>Hobbies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Communicative competence involves knowing when to speak, what to say, and how to say it ___ in any given situation.

<p>appropriately</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which task showed that bilinguals outperformed monolinguals?

<p>Identifying grammatical anomalies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Language switching can lead to increased cognitive control in bilingual speakers.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bilingualism is only beneficial during childhood.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable outcome of bilingualism related to cognitive tasks in older adults?

<p>Superior performance in tasks requiring attentional control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do contextualization cues play in effective communication?

<p>They can improve understanding and appropriateness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A child's native language is generally disconnected from their native culture.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of L2 learning according to the context provided?

<p>Adaptation to a second culture and social integration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sociocultural Theory emphasizes that all learning is essentially a _____ process.

<p>social</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to language learning with their appropriate descriptors:

<p>L1 = First language acquisition L2 = Second language acquisition NS = Native speaker NN = Non-native speaker</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is less emphasized in Sociocultural Theory compared to other linguistic approaches?

<p>Structural patterns of L2. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Social interaction is equally important for L1 and L2 acquisition.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of modifications can enhance NNS communicative competence?

<p>Repetitions, paraphrasing, feedback, and comprehension checks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major driver of bilingualism according to the content?

<p>Migration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Negative societal attitudes can promote bilingualism.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of educational program uses a child's native language temporarily to help them transition to the dominant language?

<p>Transitional Programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

In communities where _____ is valued, resources such as heritage language classes can promote bilingualism.

<p>bilingualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of bilingual education program with its description:

<p>Immersion Programs = Learners are first taught in a second language Transitional Programs = Uses a child's native language temporarily as a bridge Bilingual Education Initiatives = Support cultural retention in communities Community Programs = Encourage preservation of languages within immigrant groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes community support in bilingualism?

<p>It can include heritage language classes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cities with high levels of migration tend to have less linguistic diversity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one example of a community that supports bilingual education initiatives.

<p>Navajo communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a key component of language aptitude?

<p>Motivation level (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A larger working memory capacity is associated with a better ability to understand and produce language.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are metacognitive strategies in language learning?

<p>Planning, monitoring, and evaluating learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ Period Hypothesis suggests a decrease in innate language learning ability as age increases.

<p>Critical</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cognitive styles with their characteristics:

<p>Field-independent learners = Prefer structured practice and rule-based learning Field-dependent learners = Benefit from communicative and contextualized learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between working memory and language proficiency?

<p>Higher proficiency levels often correlate with larger working memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Innate language ability is primarily responsible for mastering L1 by the age of 10.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive strategy involves practicing and memorizing language structures?

<p>Cognitive strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cognitive Flexibility

The ability to switch between different tasks or concepts, which is enhanced in bilingual individuals.

Divergent Thinking

Producing multiple solutions to a problem, where bilinguals have shown better performance.

Metalinguistic Awareness

The ability to think about and manipulate language structures.

Attentional Control

Bilingual individuals typically display enhanced control over their attention and the ability to manage conflicting information.

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Bilingualism and Aging

Being bilingual can delay age-related cognitive decline.

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Cognitive Reserve

A cognitive reserve associated with bilingualism, potentially helping individuals cope with dementia symptoms.

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Bilingual Advantage in Divergent Thinking

Bilingual individuals often surpass monolinguals in tasks involving generating multiple solutions to a problem.

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Bilinguals and Language Awareness

Bilingual children often exhibit heightened sensitivity to language as an abstract system.

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Multidimensional Model (Language Learning)

This cognitive model suggests that language learning involves gradual acquisition of grammatical structures in a specific order. This process reflects the learner's overcoming of cognitive limitations. Instruction that focuses on these developmental features is most effective when learners have already mastered the previous stages of acquisition.

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Competition Model

This model views language acquisition as a process of mapping functional meanings (like the meaning of a word) to external forms (like the sounds that make up a word). It emphasizes that the form of a lexical item is represented by its auditory properties, while its function is determined by its semantic properties.

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Connectionism

This framework emphasizes the importance of repeated exposure to language patterns. It suggests that language learning occurs through the strengthening of connections between linguistic stimuli and responses, rather than through explicit rule acquisition.

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Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP)

This theoretical approach within connectionism suggests that language processing occurs in a network of interconnected nodes in the brain. Repeated exposure to language patterns allows learners to extract regularities and strengthen connections between nodes.

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Cognitive Advantages of Bilingualism

Bilingual individuals often demonstrate increased creativity, problem-solving skills, and greater metalinguistic awareness. This highlights the cognitive advantages of learning multiple languages.

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General Cognitive Mechanisms

Learning mechanisms used in language acquisition are not unique to language, but rather represent general cognitive mechanisms involved in diverse learning processes.

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Drills in Language Learning

The practice of language learning is often characterized by the use of structured drills and patterns. This approach aims to reinforce linguistic patterns through repeated exposure.

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Communicative Competence

The ability to use language effectively in social situations, considering cultural norms and social contexts.

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Cognitive Load

The mental effort required when switching between languages, especially under pressure.

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Social Dimensions of Language Learning

The social and cultural factors that affect language learning, including the immediate environment and broader societal influences.

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Microsocial Context

The smaller, immediate social environment where language learning takes place, such as a classroom or a conversation.

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Macrosocial Context

The larger societal factors that influence language learning, including cultural norms, political systems, and educational practices.

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Linguistic Competence

The knowledge of grammatical rules and vocabulary that allows someone to understand and produce language.

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Sociolinguistic Competence

The ability to understand and use language in a way that is appropriate for different social situations.

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Cultural Competence

The understanding of cultural norms and values that are reflected in language use.

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Contextualization Cues

Nonverbal elements like tone, gestures, and situational appropriateness that enrich communication.

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Second Culture Learning

The learning of a second language can also involve learning about the culture associated with that language.

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First Language Acquisition

The process by which a child acquires their first language, typically within their native culture.

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Second Language Acquisition (SLA)

The process of learning a second language after the first language has been acquired.

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Social Interaction in L1 and L2

The interaction between learners and native speakers, which plays a crucial role in language acquisition.

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Sociocultural (S-C) Theory

A theory that emphasizes the role of social interaction in language learning. It suggests that learning is a social process rooted in cultural contexts.

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S-C Theory's Focus

This theory places less emphasis on the grammatical structures of language and focuses more on how learners actively engage with the language in a social context.

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Social Attitude toward Bilingualism

The societal view of bilingualism, which either encourages or discourages the use of multiple languages.

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Migration and Bilingualism

People moving to new places bring their languages, contributing to linguistic diversity.

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Community Support for Bilingualism

Support from communities is vital for preserving minority languages by providing resources and programs to maintain bilingualism.

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Immersion Bilingual Education

Programs where learners are initially taught in a second language, gradually introducing their native language.

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Transitional Bilingual Education

Programs using a child's native language temporarily to transition to the dominant language.

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Social Forces Influencing Bilingualism

The social attitude towards bilingualism, migration patterns, and community support are key factors influencing whether a region becomes bilingual.

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Types of Bilingual Education Programs

Different types of bilingual education programs, like immersion and transitional, aim to support language learning but differ in approaches and goals.

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Educational Forces Influencing Bilingualism

Educational factors influence bilingualism by shaping language learning environments and policies. These factors impact the success of bilingual education.

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Language Aptitude

An individual's natural ability to learn a language, encompassing skills like phonetic coding (pronunciation), grammatical sensitivity, memorization, and inductive language learning.

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Working Memory in Language Learning

The ability to temporarily hold and manipulate information, which is crucial for understanding complex grammatical structures and keeping track of conversations.

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Learning Strategies in Language Acquisition

Employing strategies like planning, monitoring, and evaluating learning, memorizing language structures, and seeking practice opportunities. These strategies are linked to learning styles.

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Innate Language Learning Ability

The innate ability to acquire a first language, evident in children's rapid language development. This capacity is linked to Universal Grammar, suggesting a pre-programmed foundation for language learning.

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Critical Period Hypothesis

The theory that the ability to learn a language effectively diminishes with age, making it potentially harder to achieve native-like fluency in a second language later in life.

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Field-Independent Learners

Learners who excel at distinguishing details from context prefer rule-based language instruction and structured practice.

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Field-Dependent Learners

Learners who excel at understanding information within context prefer communicative and immersive learning environments.

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Study Notes

Second Language Acquisition (SLA)

  • SLA refers to the process of learning a language other than one's first language (L1).
  • It also includes studying how this learning happens in individuals and groups, across different environments.
  • A second language (L2) can be a learner's third, fourth, or even tenth language, but it's still called "second" in SLA terms.
  • SLA encompasses informal learning in natural contexts, structured classroom learning, and a combination of both.
  • Understanding SLA involves exploring what language learners acquire, how they acquire it, and why some learners are more successful than others.

Key Terms

  • First Language (L1): The language naturally acquired from birth, typically before age three, forming the foundation for future language learning.
  • Second Language (L2): An additional language learned after L1, often for social, educational, or professional reasons.
  • Foreign Language: A language not commonly used in the learner's social setting, usually studied for travel, academic, or professional purposes.
  • Target Language (TL): The language a learner aims to acquire.
  • Linguistic Competence: The underlying knowledge about language.
  • Linguistic Performance: The practical use of language in speaking or writing.
  • Multilingualism:
    • Simultaneous Multilingualism: Learning multiple languages from birth.
    • Sequential Multilingualism: Learning additional languages after the first one.

Multidisciplinary Nature of SLA

  • Linguistic Perspective: Focuses on language structures like syntax, phonology, and morphology, examining similarities and differences between L1 and L2.
    • Example: Studying how English speakers learn Spanish (or Arabic) gendered noun systems, which don't exist in English.
  • Psychological Perspective: Highlights cognitive processes, mental strategies, and how language is represented in the brain.
    • Example: Exploring learning stages, memory retention, and the role of aptitude.

Bilingualism

  • Bilingualism involves using two or more languages in daily life.
  • Individuals who regularly use two or more languages or dialects are bilingual.
  • Examples of Bilingual Contexts:
    • Switzerland, with four official languages and well-defined linguistic regions.
    • Immigrant populations who learn the language of the host country while maintaining their native language.
  • Key Terms:
    • Bilingualism: The use of two or more languages in daily life.
    • Code-switching: Alternating between two languages.
    • Biculturalism: Participation in two or more cultures.
    • Interference: Language errors caused by the influence of a learner's native language.

Linguistic Diversity

  • Many countries have a high number of native languages, leading to bilingual encounters.
  • Migration, travel, and education are key factors in promoting bilingualism.

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Description

This quiz explores various cognitive models associated with language learning, including the Competition Model and the multidimensional model. It examines concepts like communicative competence and the cognitive advantages of bilingualism. Test your understanding of how language acquisition and usage are influenced by different cognitive theories.

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