Cognitive Models of Language Learning
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Questions and Answers

Which cognitive model emphasizes that language learning occurs through building associations between stimuli and responses?

  • Connectionism (correct)
  • Multidimensional model
  • Competition Model
  • Constructivist model

    • The Competition Model focuses exclusively on grammatical structures without considering forms.

    False

    What is the term used for the ability to reflect on and manipulate language structures consciously?

    Metalinguistic Awareness

    According to the multidimensional model, learners acquire grammatical structures in a __________ sequence.

    <p>developmental</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach suggests that language learning happens through exposure and pattern recognition rather than explicit rule acquisition?

    <p>Connectionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bilingual individuals typically show decreased creativity and problem-solving abilities.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cognitive models with their key characteristics:

    <p>Multidimensional model = Gradual instruction focusing on developmental sequences Competition Model = Mapping between external form and internal function Connectionism = Associations between linguistic stimuli and responses PDP = Processing in a network of interconnected nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive advantage do bilingual individuals commonly exhibit?

    <p>Enhanced creativity and problem-solving abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the cognitive effort required for language switching among bilinguals?

    <p>Cognitive load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Communicative competence only involves knowledge of grammatical rules.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive advantage is often linked to bilingualism?

    <p>Enhanced metalinguistic awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two levels of context that affect language learning?

    <p>Microsocial and macrosocial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bilingual individuals generally perform similarly to monolinguals in tasks of cognitive flexibility.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does lifelong bilingualism have on elderly individuals regarding cognitive decline?

    <p>It may delay the onset of age-related cognitive decline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Second Language Acquisition (SLA) involves understanding both ___ and ___ dimensions of communication.

    <p>linguistic, social</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bilingual children often show better performance in tasks requiring __________ awareness.

    <p>metalinguistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following aspects of language learning with their definitions:

    <p>Cognitive load = Mental effort in language switching Sociolinguistic norms = Social rules governing language use Microsocial context = Immediate surrounding circumstances affecting language learning Macrosocial context = Broader cultural and political influences on language acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cognitive advantages with their descriptions:

    <p>Cognitive Flexibility = Ability to switch between tasks or concepts Divergent Thinking = Generating multiple solutions to a problem Metalinguistic Awareness = Thinking about and manipulating language structures Cognitive Reserve = Ability to cope better with symptoms of dementia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is not mentioned as affecting Second Language Acquisition within similar social circumstances?

    <p>Hobbies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Communicative competence involves knowing when to speak, what to say, and how to say it ___ in any given situation.

    <p>appropriately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which task showed that bilinguals outperformed monolinguals?

    <p>Identifying grammatical anomalies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language switching can lead to increased cognitive control in bilingual speakers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bilingualism is only beneficial during childhood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable outcome of bilingualism related to cognitive tasks in older adults?

    <p>Superior performance in tasks requiring attentional control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do contextualization cues play in effective communication?

    <p>They can improve understanding and appropriateness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A child's native language is generally disconnected from their native culture.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of L2 learning according to the context provided?

    <p>Adaptation to a second culture and social integration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sociocultural Theory emphasizes that all learning is essentially a _____ process.

    <p>social</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms related to language learning with their appropriate descriptors:

    <p>L1 = First language acquisition L2 = Second language acquisition NS = Native speaker NN = Non-native speaker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is less emphasized in Sociocultural Theory compared to other linguistic approaches?

    <p>Structural patterns of L2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social interaction is equally important for L1 and L2 acquisition.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of modifications can enhance NNS communicative competence?

    <p>Repetitions, paraphrasing, feedback, and comprehension checks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major driver of bilingualism according to the content?

    <p>Migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Negative societal attitudes can promote bilingualism.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of educational program uses a child's native language temporarily to help them transition to the dominant language?

    <p>Transitional Programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In communities where _____ is valued, resources such as heritage language classes can promote bilingualism.

    <p>bilingualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of bilingual education program with its description:

    <p>Immersion Programs = Learners are first taught in a second language Transitional Programs = Uses a child's native language temporarily as a bridge Bilingual Education Initiatives = Support cultural retention in communities Community Programs = Encourage preservation of languages within immigrant groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes community support in bilingualism?

    <p>It can include heritage language classes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cities with high levels of migration tend to have less linguistic diversity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of a community that supports bilingual education initiatives.

    <p>Navajo communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a key component of language aptitude?

    <p>Motivation level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A larger working memory capacity is associated with a better ability to understand and produce language.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are metacognitive strategies in language learning?

    <p>Planning, monitoring, and evaluating learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ Period Hypothesis suggests a decrease in innate language learning ability as age increases.

    <p>Critical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cognitive styles with their characteristics:

    <p>Field-independent learners = Prefer structured practice and rule-based learning Field-dependent learners = Benefit from communicative and contextualized learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between working memory and language proficiency?

    <p>Higher proficiency levels often correlate with larger working memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Innate language ability is primarily responsible for mastering L1 by the age of 10.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive strategy involves practicing and memorizing language structures?

    <p>Cognitive strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Second Language Acquisition (SLA)

    • SLA refers to the process of learning a language other than one's first language (L1).
    • It also includes studying how this learning happens in individuals and groups, across different environments.
    • A second language (L2) can be a learner's third, fourth, or even tenth language, but it's still called "second" in SLA terms.
    • SLA encompasses informal learning in natural contexts, structured classroom learning, and a combination of both.
    • Understanding SLA involves exploring what language learners acquire, how they acquire it, and why some learners are more successful than others.

    Key Terms

    • First Language (L1): The language naturally acquired from birth, typically before age three, forming the foundation for future language learning.
    • Second Language (L2): An additional language learned after L1, often for social, educational, or professional reasons.
    • Foreign Language: A language not commonly used in the learner's social setting, usually studied for travel, academic, or professional purposes.
    • Target Language (TL): The language a learner aims to acquire.
    • Linguistic Competence: The underlying knowledge about language.
    • Linguistic Performance: The practical use of language in speaking or writing.
    • Multilingualism:
      • Simultaneous Multilingualism: Learning multiple languages from birth.
      • Sequential Multilingualism: Learning additional languages after the first one.

    Multidisciplinary Nature of SLA

    • Linguistic Perspective: Focuses on language structures like syntax, phonology, and morphology, examining similarities and differences between L1 and L2.
      • Example: Studying how English speakers learn Spanish (or Arabic) gendered noun systems, which don't exist in English.
    • Psychological Perspective: Highlights cognitive processes, mental strategies, and how language is represented in the brain.
      • Example: Exploring learning stages, memory retention, and the role of aptitude.

    Bilingualism

    • Bilingualism involves using two or more languages in daily life.
    • Individuals who regularly use two or more languages or dialects are bilingual.
    • Examples of Bilingual Contexts:
      • Switzerland, with four official languages and well-defined linguistic regions.
      • Immigrant populations who learn the language of the host country while maintaining their native language.
    • Key Terms:
      • Bilingualism: The use of two or more languages in daily life.
      • Code-switching: Alternating between two languages.
      • Biculturalism: Participation in two or more cultures.
      • Interference: Language errors caused by the influence of a learner's native language.

    Linguistic Diversity

    • Many countries have a high number of native languages, leading to bilingual encounters.
    • Migration, travel, and education are key factors in promoting bilingualism.

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    Description

    This quiz explores various cognitive models associated with language learning, including the Competition Model and the multidimensional model. It examines concepts like communicative competence and the cognitive advantages of bilingualism. Test your understanding of how language acquisition and usage are influenced by different cognitive theories.

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