Cognitive Model of Stress and Coping
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Cognitive Model of Stress and Coping

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the major sources of stress linked to having to adapt to new situations?

  • Frustration
  • Change (correct)
  • Conflict
  • Pressure

    • Which of the following personal factors is NOT mentioned as affecting stress appraisal?

  • Intellectual
  • Beliefs
  • Motivational
  • Environmental (correct)

    • According to the job strain model, what is the relationship between control and demands with respect to strain?

  • Low control and low demands lead to moderate strain.
  • High control and low demands lead to high strain.
  • Low control and high demands lead to high strain. (correct)
  • High control and high demands lead to low strain.

    • Which stress appraisal factor involves an element of uncertainty regarding a role or potential harm?

    <p>Ambiguity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of conflict involves conflicting motivations, such as wanting to achieve two desirable outcomes?

    <p>Approach-approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is listed as a situation that could elevate stress appraisal due to its timing and importance?

    <p>Imminent demands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these aspects is NOT associated with job stress?

    <p>Life transitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome when resources are low and demands are high in the stress model?

    <p>High stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cues may lead to action in health behavior change?

    <p>Cues that can be either internal or external</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT included as a modifying factor in the Health Belief Model?

    <p>Psychological well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by perceived susceptibility in the Health Belief Model?

    <p>A person's perception of the likelihood of developing a disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does self-efficacy contribute to in the Revised Health Belief Model?

    <p>The conviction that one can perform health-promoting behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is an example of a demographic variable affecting health behavior?

    <p>Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The likelihood of taking recommended preventive health action is influenced by perceived benefits and what other factor?

    <p>Perceived barriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cues to action are NOT part of the Health Belief Model?

    <p>Personal financial incentives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the Health Belief Model did Becker and Rosenstock add in their revision?

    <p>Self-efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'self-efficacy' refer to in the context of health behaviors?

    <p>The belief in one's ability to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can perceived susceptibility influence health behavior change?

    <p>By heightening awareness of personal risk for disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT a part of Bandura's model concerning health behavior?

    <p>Social modeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is represented by 'perceived barriers' within health behavior theory?

    <p>The personal and psychological costs associated with an action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of health behavior, what do 'cues to action' aim to achieve?

    <p>They initiate the readiness to engage in health-promoting behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately defines 'perceived severity' in health behavior change?

    <p>The opinion on how serious a condition is and its possible consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do socio-structural factors play in health behaviors according to Bandura's model?

    <p>They provide the necessary social context for behavior change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'perceived benefits' encompass in the context of health behavior change?

    <p>The belief in how effective an action is in reducing risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the health belief model (HBM)?

    <p>Studying and promoting the uptake of health services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does perceived susceptibility refer to in the context of the HBM?

    <p>An individual's assessment of their risk of getting a condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the HBM evaluates the seriousness of a health issue?

    <p>Perceived severity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do perceived benefits of action help individuals assess in the HBM?

    <p>The positive outcomes of adopting a recommended behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of perceived costs of action in relation to health behaviors?

    <p>Believing that adopting a new health behavior will require effort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the HBM, what role do perceived cues to action play?

    <p>They provide motivation to seek health services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which year was the health belief model initially developed?

    <p>1966</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the HBM apply to the UAE population?

    <p>It considers specific cultural beliefs and values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What belief relates to whether an illness can be treated and the extent to which the outcome is controllable?

    <p>Curability &amp; controllability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the three interrelated processes of the Self-Regulatory Model of Illness?

    <p>Evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial stage in the Self-Regulatory Model where individuals first confront their illness?

    <p>Interpretation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors is considered part of the representation of a health threat?

    <p>Identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of illness belief focuses on physical, emotional, and social consequences of illness?

    <p>Consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivates individuals to develop problem-solving techniques according to the Self-Regulatory Model of Illness?

    <p>Altered normal state of health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the appraisal stage of the Self-Regulatory Model, what emotional responses are commonly experienced?

    <p>Fear and anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which belief is associated with the duration of an illness?

    <p>Time line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cognitive Model of Stress

    • Lazarus & Folkman's Transactional model of stress and coping
    • High stress is viewed as a product of high demands and low resources
    • Low stress is a product of low demands and high or low resources

    Major Sources of Stress

    • Frustration is a result of a blocked goal
    • Conflict occurs when incompatible motivations exist:
      • Approach-approach: choosing between two desirable options
      • Approach-avoidance: desire for something, but fear of the consequences
      • Avoidance-avoidance: choosing between two undesirable options
    • Change requires adaptation:
      • Social readjustment and life changes can cause stress
    • Pressure to perform or conform can cause stress

    Personal Factors Affecting Stress Appraisal

    • Intellectual capabilities
    • Motivational levels
    • Personality traits
    • Personal beliefs

    Situational Factors Affecting Stress Appraisals

    • High demands create stress
    • Imminent demands are more stressful
    • Life transitions are stressful
    • The timing of demands influences stress
    • Ambiguity in tasks or consequences leads to stress
    • The desirability and controllability of demands influence stress levels
      • Behavioral control involves performing an action
      • Cognitive control involves using a mental strategy

    Job Strain

    • High demands and low control cause job strain

    Other Aspects of Job Stress

    • Poor physical environment
    • Poor interpersonal relationships
    • Perceived inadequate recognition or advancement opportunities
    • Unemployment
    • Role conflict
    • High responsibility for others

    Self-Efficacy

    • Self-efficacy is the belief in one's capability to successfully execute a task
    • Outcome expectations influence self-efficacy
      • Physical expectations
      • Social expectations
      • Self-evaluative expectations
    • Goals and behavior are influenced by self-efficacy
    • Sociostructural factors impact self-efficacy
      • Facilitators
      • Impediments

    Health Behavior

    • Wellness is a state of overall well-being
    • Health behavior is any action taken to maintain, improve, or protect health

    The Health Belief Model (HBM)

    • The HBM is a model used to understand and promote the uptake of health services.
    • The HBM focuses on the individual's beliefs about health risks and behaviors.

    Components of the HBM

    • Perceived susceptibility to disease: an individual's assessment of their risk
    • Perceived severity of disease: an individual's assessment of the seriousness of the condition
    • Perceived costs of action: an individual's assessment of the negative consequences of taking action
    • Perceived benefits of action: an individual's assessment of the positive consequences of taking action
    • Perceived cues to action: factors that trigger action, such as symptoms or health education

    Mediating Factors in HBM

    • Demographic variables: age, sex, race, ethnicity, occupation
    • Socio-psychological variables: socioeconomic status, personality, coping strategies
    • Health motivation: individual's drive to achieve a health goal
    • Perceived control: individual's self-efficacy

    The Revised HBM

    • Self-efficacy is added to the model to explain how one's belief in their capabilities influences their behavior.

    Illness Representations

    • Individuals develop cognitive representations of illness based on their beliefs.
    • Illness representation includes:
      • Identity: what is the illness?
      • Cause: what caused the illness?
      • Consequences: what are the potential consequences of the illness?
      • Timeline: how long will the illness last?
      • Curability & Controllability: can the illness be cured? How much control do I have over the outcome?

    The Self-Regulatory Model of Illness

    • This model explains how illness cognitions affect coping strategies.
    • It is based on the premise that individuals develop problem-solving techniques when their normal state is disrupted.
    • The model consists of three stages:
      • Stage 1: Interpretation: Initial confrontation with illness, symptom perception and social messages
      • Stage 2: Coping: Developing coping strategies, including approach coping and avoidance coping
      • Stage 3: Appraisal: Evaluating the effectiveness of coping strategies and adjusting accordingly

    Stages of the SRLM

    • Stage 1: Interpretation
      • Initial confrontation with illness
      • Aware of illness through symptom perception or social messages
      • Symptom perception, including any deviation from individual's norm
    • Stage 2: Coping
      • Develop coping strategies, both approach and avoidance
    • Stage 3: Appraisal
      • Evaluation of the effectiveness of coping strategies
      • Emotional response to health threat (fear, anxiety, depression)

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    Description

    Explore the Cognitive Model of Stress as outlined by Lazarus and Folkman, covering the transactional view of stress and coping mechanisms. Dive into the major sources of stress, including frustration, conflict, and personal factors that influence stress appraisal. This quiz will challenge your understanding of how various demands and resources interact to shape experiences of stress.

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