Chapter 8

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the challenges associated with multitasking?

Reduced attention span (correct)
Increased ability to focus
Improved memory retention
Enhanced cognitive performance

In cognitive terms, what does multitasking involve?

Simultaneously processing multiple tasks (correct)
Improving long-term memory storage
Reducing the need for mental effort
Enhancing automatic brain functions

How does multitasking affect attention according to the text?

Enhances selective attention
Leads to improved focus and concentration
Divides attention and reduces performance (correct)
Increases sustained attention

What is a common misconception about multitasking, based on the text?

It requires minimal cognitive resources (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does the text suggest multitasking affects cognitive load?

Increases cognitive load by splitting attention (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the unnecessary cognitive load that should be cleared away as much as possible?

Extraneous load (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cognitive load should support deep processing?

Intrinsic load (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the cognitive load related to the working memory and dedicated resources?

Memory load (C) Signup and view all the answers

Who summarized three kinds of cognitive load, including intrinsic load?

Sweller & Paas (2010) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does extraneous cognitive load focus on reducing in order to enhance learning outcomes?

Unnecessary elements (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of extraneous cognitive load?

Poor instructional design and irrelevant distractions (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cognitive load is considered desirable for effective learning?

Germane cognitive load (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the intrinsic cognitive load of a task is high?

More processing resources are needed for learning (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is NOT mentioned in the text as helpful for managing cognitive load?

Multitasking and dividing attention (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that determines the intrinsic cognitive load of a task?

The complexity and organization of information (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of managing cognitive load in instruction?

To reduce the amount of information students need to process (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an effective strategy for managing cognitive load?

Encouraging students to multitask during lectures (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'germane' cognitive load?

The cognitive load required for actively processing and integrating information (D) Signup and view all the answers

What can help students manage their cognitive load?

Using strategies like note-taking, drawing concept maps, and discussing with others (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'zone of proximal development' in relation to cognitive load?

The range of cognitive demands that are slightly beyond students' current abilities (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used in the text to refer to the process of recalling information to solve a problem?

Rehearse (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cognitive demands, what does the term 'phonological loop' primarily refer to?

Rehearsing information using phone digits (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the text describe the process of preventing distractions and interruptions during cognitive tasks?

Intrinsic theory load (C) Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of cognitive demands is identified as unavoidable, even with available resources?

Eliminated parts (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key element in cognitive demands that cannot be entirely eliminated, as discussed in the text?

Bits and parts (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between cognitive and behaviorist views on learning?

Cognitive theorists believe learning involves actively transforming information, while behaviorists view it as a passive process of reinforcement. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the cognitive perspective discussed in the text, what is an important aspect of learning?

Organizing and relating new information to existing knowledge. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, how does the cognitive perspective view the role of domain-specific knowledge in learning?

Domain-specific knowledge is essential for organizing and applying information in specific contexts. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between experts and novices in a particular domain?

Experts have a more extensive and organized knowledge base within that domain. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, how might the cognitive perspective explain the challenges of multitasking?

Multitasking places higher cognitive demands by requiring the division of attention and cognitive resources. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when too much information is activated in working memory?

Forgetting occurs as activation slows down and information fades (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the analogy used in the text to illustrate the limited capacity of working memory?

A circus performer spinning plates on poles (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cognitive load is associated with repeating information to keep it active in working memory?

Maintenance rehearsal load (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when attention shifts away from information in working memory?

The activation fades quickly, leading to forgetting (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest is necessary to deal with the intrinsic cognitive load of a task?

Increasing germane cognitive load for deep processing (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the analogy in the text, what happens if the performer does not return to a spinning plate quickly enough?

The plate falls off the pole, representing forgetting (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive load is imposed by information and stimuli that are irrelevant to the task at hand?

Extraneous cognitive load (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of effective distractors in a multiple-choice question?

They should represent common student misconceptions (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest is necessary to activate and keep information in working memory?

Continuously rehearsing and focusing attention on it (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when working memory becomes overloaded with too many activated elements?

The oldest activated elements are purged to free up capacity (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cognitive Views of Learning

There are three types of cognitive load: intrinsic, extraneous, and desirable (germane).
Intrinsic load is unavoidable and caused by the complexity of the material, making it difficult to understand and process.
Extraneous load is caused by poor learning strategies, inadequate instruction, and distractions, making it difficult to focus on the learning task.
Desirable (germane) load is the effort required to organize and integrate new information with existing knowledge, leading to deep understanding.

Multitasking

Multitasking can reduce attention and performance by 400% (Hamilton, 2009).
The brain can only process a limited amount of information simultaneously.
Multitasking can lead to a decline in cognitive ability and a decrease in productivity.

Attention

Attention is a limited resource that can be divided between multiple tasks.
The brain can only focus on a limited amount of information at a time.
Attention is necessary for learning and processing information.

Cognitive Load Management

Instructional design should aim to reduce extraneous load and promote germane load.
Providing scaffolding and support can help students manage their cognitive load.
Breaking down information into smaller chunks and using visual aids can help reduce cognitive load.

Working Memory

Working memory is a temporary storage system that holds information for a short period of time.
Information in working memory can be easily forgotten if not rehearsed or consolidated.
The capacity of working memory is limited, and information can be lost if it is not processed quickly.

Rehearsal and Maintenance

Rehearsal is necessary to retain information in working memory.
Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating information to keep it in working memory.
Deep processing and organization of information can help solidify it in long-term memory.

Cognitive Load Types

Intrinsic cognitive load is the amount of mental effort required to process information.
Extraneous cognitive load is caused by external factors, such as distractions or poor instruction.
Desirable (germane) cognitive load is the effort required to integrate new information with existing knowledge.

Expertise

Experts have a higher cognitive load capacity due to their extensive knowledge and experience.
Experts can process complex information more efficiently and effectively.
Domain-specific knowledge is important for expertise, but general knowledge and skills are also necessary.

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Test your understanding of cognitive load theory and its impact on learning tasks. Explore how to manage extraneous load and promote germane load for deeper processing. This quiz covers relevant concepts from a cognitive load theory chapter.