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Which group is reported to be three times more likely to attempt suicide compared to boys?
What age group is at the highest risk of suicide attempts?
Which factor significantly increases the suicide risk among adolescents?
What is one of the major risk factors for suicide that involves family dynamics?
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Exposure to which type of events can increase suicide risk in young people?
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Which psychological model suggests that suicide is a result of inward directed anger?
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What biological factor is associated with increased risk of suicide?
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Which theory suggests that positive expectancies about death may motivate suicide?
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What cognitive distortion involves viewing situations in black and white terms, without acknowledging any middle ground?
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Which attributional style describes the tendency to blame personal inadequacies for failures?
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According to learned helplessness theory, what contributes to the depression experienced by individuals?
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Which treatment approach focuses on modifying behaviors rather than unconscious causes?
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What does the term 'magnification and minimization' refer to in cognitive distortions?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the biological perspective on depressive disorders?
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What is a common factor that leads to the development of learned helplessness?
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Which cognitive distortion involves rejecting positive outcomes or achievements?
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What is the primary goal of behavioural activation in treating depression?
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What key concept do cognitive theorists believe is crucial in the development of depression?
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Which of the following is associated with increased risk of suicide among adolescents?
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In cognitive therapy, what do clients learn to change?
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What does selective abstraction refer to in the context of cognitive therapy?
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What is a common misconception about suicide and psychological disorders?
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What can be a significant factor that prompts suicide attempts?
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What is the primary aim of a coping with depression course?
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What characterizes the acute phase of schizophrenia?
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What is an example of a delusion of reference?
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Which of the following is NOT a common feature of disorganized speech in schizophrenia?
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What describes the residual phase of schizophrenia?
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Which of the following exemplifies a delusion of grandeur?
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Which phenomenon is defined as believing that thoughts have been inserted by an external source?
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What is a key characteristic of a person's functioning during the prodromal phase of schizophrenia?
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Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of schizophrenia?
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What term describes the state where individuals with schizophrenia may maintain a fixed posture for extended periods?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of positive symptoms in schizophrenia?
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How can catatonia be described in the context of cognitive functioning?
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What is meant by the term 'flat affect' in individuals with schizophrenia?
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Which of the following describes a state of relative or complete unconsciousness in schizophrenia?
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What symptom is characterized by deficits in social interaction and a failure to experience pleasure?
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What behavioral phenomenon involves individuals becoming disconnected from reality, losing touch with the outside world?
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Which of the following is associated with catatonic behavior in individuals with schizophrenia?
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Study Notes
Habitual Style Of Negative Thinking
- Magnifying the importance of minor failures is a sign of cognitive distortions
- Common Cognitive Distortions include:
- All or nothing thinking: Viewing things in black and white extremes
- Overgeneralization: Drawing sweeping conclusions based on a single event
- Mental filter: Focusing only on negative aspects, ignoring the positive
- Disqualifying the positive: Dismissing positive experiences as insignificant
- Jumping to conclusions: Making assumptions without sufficient evidence
- Magnification and minimization: Exaggerating the negative and downplaying the positive
- Emotional reasoning: Believing that feelings reflect reality
- Should statements: Having rigid rules about how things should be
- Labelling and mislabelling: Assigning negative labels to oneself and others
- Personalization: Taking responsibility for events that are outside of one's control
Learned Helplessness
- Attributional theory: Depressive behaviours are not caused by events but by how people think about and explain the events, introduced by Martin Seligman.
- The theory states: People learn to view themselves as helpless to control their environment or change their life for the better.
- Reformulated helplessness theory: Introduced the "attributional style" - a personal style of explaining events
- Attributional styles can explain failures in 3 ways:
- Internal factors - failures reflect personal inadequacies, not external factors
- Global factors - failures reflect broad character flaws, not specific situations
- Stable factors - failures reflect fixed personality factors
- These "attributional styles" lead to negative thoughts and feelings which can contribute to depression.
Biological Perspective
- Genetics and neurotransmitter functioning can influence predisposition to depression and bipolar disorder.
- These disorders tend to occur within families, highlighting a genetic component
Treatment Approaches
- Behavioural approaches focus on modifying behaviors rather than unconscious causes.
- They encourage increased participation in pleasurable activities, teaching relaxation skills, and building social skills, with the aim of breaking negative cycles.
- Behavioral Activation: One of the most commonly used behavioral therapy techniques, involving increased frequency of rewarding or enjoyable activities
- Cognitive approaches: Focus on identifying and changing dysfunctional thinking patterns.
- Cognitive Therapy (CT): Developed by Aaron Beck, helps individuals identify and challenge negative thoughts and develop adaptive coping mechanisms.
- Selective Abstraction: Focusing solely on weaknesses or flaws in character.
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
- Known as shock therapy, ECT involves administering an electrical current to the head to induce a seizure, similar to a grand mal epileptic seizure.
Suicide
- Men are more likely to die by suicide than women, often using firearms, while women tend to use pills.
- Suicide stigma can prevent men from seeking help, due to societal pressure to appear strong.
- Many suicides are linked to Major Depression or Bipolar Disorder, with individuals feeling hopeless and seeing no way out.
- Stressful life events, particularly "exit events," like the death of a loved one, can trigger suicide attempts.
- Suicide rates among the elderly are increasing.
- Suicide is one of the leading causes of death for men and women from adolescence to middle age.
Risk Factors In Suicide Among Children And Adolescents
- Gender: Girls are more likely to attempt suicide, while boys are more likely to complete suicide.
- Age: Late adolescence and early adulthood (15-24) are at higher risk than younger teenagers.
- Ethnicity: Canadian First Nations youth have a significantly higher suicide rate than other populations.
- Depression and hopelessness: These factors, particularly when combined with low self-esteem, are significant risk factors.
- Previous suicidal behavior: Repeated suicide attempts are common.
- Family problems: Family instability, abuse, loss of a parent, and poor communication are risk factors.
- Stressful life events: Traumatic events such as break-ups, unwanted pregnancies, legal trouble, school difficulties, and major tests can increase risk.
- Substance abuse: Addiction within the family can contribute to risk.
- Social contagion: Widespread media coverage of suicides can influence others.
Theoretical Perspectives On Suicide
- Durkheim's Anomie: Individuals who feel lost and without identity are more likely to die by suicide.
- Psychodynamic model: Suicide can be viewed as inward-directed anger that turns murderous.
- Learning Theories: Suicide threats and attempts can be reinforced, and stress, particularly when combined with an inability to solve problems, can increase risk.
- Social Cognitive theories: Suicide can be motivated by positive expectations, such as feeling missed or eulogized after death, and by believing that suicide is legitimate.
- Biological factors: Reduced serotonin activity has been linked to suicide.
- Family history: A higher number of family members with a history of suicidal behavior increases the risk for offspring
Schizophrenia
- A severe mental disorder characterized by a marked decline in occupational and social functioning.
- Hallmarks of schizophrenia: Disorganized thoughts and speech, hallucinations, delusions, and unusual behaviors.
- Delusions: False beliefs that are unshakeable, despite being illogical and lacking evidence.
- Delusions of persecution: Belief that people or forces intend to harm or threaten the individual
- Delusions of reference: Believing that external events or objects are related to the individual
- Delusions of being controlled: Feeling like their thoughts, feelings, or actions are controlled by external forces
- Delusions of grandeur: Belief in possessing extraordinary abilities, talents, or importance
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Common Delusions:
- Thought broadcasting: Belief that one's thoughts are transmitted to the outside world and can be heard by others
- Thought insertion: Belief that thoughts have been planted in one's mind by an external source
- Thought withdrawal: Believe that one's thoughts have been removed from their mind
- Disorganised Speech: Speech characterized by illogical and incoherent thoughts, reflected in their speech patterns.
- Thought disorder: Disturbances in thinking characterized by disruptions in logical associations between thoughts.
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Catatonic behaviour: Individuals may exhibit severely impaired cognitive and motor functioning.
- Catatonia: Severe disruptions in motor activity and cognitive functioning
- Waxy flexibility: Individuals adopt a fixed posture and remain that way for long periods.
- Positive symptoms: Characterized by abnormal behavior, such as hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder, disorganized speech, and behavior.
- Negative symptoms: Characterized by the absence of normal behavior, including deficits in social skills, withdrawal, blunted expressions, lack of speech, slowness, and inability to experience pleasure.
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Other types of impairment:
- Loss of ego boundaries: Difficulty recognizing themselves as separate individuals, unclear about their own experiences and the outside world.
- Blunted Affect: Reduced emotional expression.
- Flat Affect: Absence of emotional expression
- Acute phase: Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and behavior.
- Residual phase: Return to a level of functioning similar to the prodromal phase, before symptoms become severe.
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Description
Explore the various cognitive distortions that contribute to habitual negative thinking. This quiz focuses on understanding patterns such as all-or-nothing thinking, overgeneralization, and emotional reasoning. By recognizing these distortions, you can learn to shift your perspective and improve your mental well-being.
