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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of cognitive dissonance?
Which method is NOT a way to reduce cognitive dissonance?
According to Aronson's Insight, when is dissonance the most intense?
What is the relationship between the permanence of a decision and dissonance?
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Which brain region is particularly involved in reward processing during cognitive dissonance?
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What does 'impact bias' refer to in the context of cognitive dissonance?
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How does culture influence cognitive dissonance?
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Which of the following is a consequence of making a difficult decision?
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What defines collectivist societies?
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Which concept refers to changing oneself to reduce cognitive dissonance?
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In counterattitudinal advocacy, what happens when individuals express contradictory beliefs?
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What is a characteristic of self-persuasion compared to direct persuasion?
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What happens during insufficient punishment?
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The discomfort from actions contradicting expressed beliefs is termed as what?
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What is the result of a severe punishment or large reward in terms of attitude change?
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Which of the following best describes external justification?
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What psychological state leads individuals to adjust their behavior to match their attitudes or change their attitudes to justify past actions?
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Which of the following describes the role of discomfort in encouraging behavioral change?
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In the context of the Hypocrisy Paradigm, what does self-reflection facilitate?
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How can one effectively apply the Hypocrisy Paradigm in everyday life?
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What impact does self-justification have on how we feel about others?
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Which of the following is a potential outcome of recognizing discrepancies between beliefs and actions?
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What is the primary function of feedback in the action plan to promote change?
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Which practice is recommended for fostering healthier choices according to the action plan?
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What does the Ben Franklin Effect suggest about performing favors for others?
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How do cultures typically dehumanize their enemies?
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Why do individuals feel a strong need to justify their decisions after investing heavily in them?
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What can help individuals overcome the cycle of self-justification?
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Which statement accurately describes the process of dehumanization?
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What is a potential negative consequence of spending excessive time defending one's ego?
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What is the primary effect of performing a kind act according to the Ben Franklin Effect?
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What role does blame shifting play in the context of dehumanization?
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Study Notes
Cognitive Dissonance
- Cognitive Dissonance: The discomfort experienced when beliefs and behaviors clash.
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Ways to Reduce Dissonance:
- Change behavior: Align actions with beliefs.
- Justify behavior: Modify beliefs to fit actions.
- Add cognitions: Introduce new thoughts to rationalize behavior.
- Impact Bias: Overestimating future negative event pain, which reduces dissonance reduction.
Dissonance and Self-Concept
- Festinger's Theory: Conflicting thoughts (cognitions) cause dissonance.
- Aronson's Insight: Dissonance is most intense when self-esteem is threatened.
Decision-Making and Dissonance
- Postdecision Dissonance: Discomfort after a difficult choice, especially when consequences are significant.
- Permanence of Decisions: The more important the decision, the greater the dissonance.
- Illusion of Irrevocability: Feeling like a decision cannot be undone, increases dissonance.
- Behaving Immorally: Choices are influenced by discomfort, moral and ethical concerns, and the need to justify actions.
Dissonance and the Brain
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Neuroscience Studies: fMRI reveals brain activity during dissonance.
- Striatum: Involved in reward processing.
- Prefrontal Complex: Crucial for planning and decision-making.
Dissonance Across Cultures
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Dissonance is Universal: Occurs in many cultures, but variations exist based on cultural values.
- Collectivist Societies: Group needs prioritized over individual needs.
- Individualist Societies: Personal goals and desires are more important.
Justification Effort
- Justification Effort: Increasing liking for something achieved through hard work.
- External Justification: Reasons for dissonant behavior existing outside the individual.
- Internal Justification: Reducing dissonance by changing something about oneself.
Counterattitudinal Advocacy
- Counterattitudinal Advocacy: Expressing opinions contrary to true beliefs.
- Self-Persuasion: Beliefs aligning with expressed opinions, especially when external justification is absent.
Punishment and Self-Persuasion
- Self-Persuasion's Lasting Effects: More permanent than direct persuasion, internal change happens.
- Insufficient Punishment: Dissonance from resisting a desired activity without sufficient external justification.
- Tangible Rewards and Punishments: Large rewards or severe punishments lead to compliance, while small rewards or lighter punishments cause permanent attitude changes.
Hypocrisy Paradigm
- Hypocrisy Paradigm: Discomfort arising from incongruence between behaviors and expressed beliefs.
- Resolving Inconsistencies: Actions align with attitudes, or attitudes change to justify past actions.
- Turning Intentions into Actions: Recognizing the gap between beliefs and actions promotes change.
Justifying Good Deeds and Harmful Acts
- Behavior Affecting Liking: Treating people well increases liking, while mistreating them can make them less desirable.
- The Ben Franklin Effect: Doing a favor for someone increases liking.
- Dehumanizing the Enemy: Justifying cruelty by labeling enemies negatively or comparing them to non-human entities.
Learning from Our Mistakes
- Justifying Investments: People need to justify their actions and investments.
- Ego Defense: Focusing on ego defense can hinder learning from mistakes.
- Overcoming Dissonance: Become aware of justification tendencies to break the cycle and learn from mistakes.
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Description
Explore the concept of cognitive dissonance, including its definition, effects on self-concept, and strategies for reducing dissonance. Learn about Festinger's theory, the impact of decision-making, and how self-esteem plays a crucial role in the experience of dissonance.
