Psyc module 5

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Questions and Answers

What is the main ability developed during the sensorimotor stage in infants?

Abstract thinking

Social interaction skills

Understanding means-end behavior (correct)

Symbolic reasoning

At what age do infants start showing signs of object permanence?

0 – 1 months

12 – 18 months

18 – 24 months

4 – 8 months (correct)

Which substage is characterized by a baby coordinating looking and listening?

1 – 4 months (correct)

4 – 8 months

0 – 1 months

18 – 24 months

What is deferred imitation in the context of cognitive development?

Imitation of actions without the model being present Signup and view all the answers

What type of reactions occur when a baby tries new variations of previously used patterns?

Tertiary circular reactions Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic marks the 18 – 24 months substage in Piaget's theory?

Increased exploration of environments Signup and view all the answers

At what age do studies suggest infants begin to understand object permanence?

5 months Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes operant conditioning?

Learning to repeat or stop behaviors based on their consequences Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the interactionist perspective on language development?

Language learning is facilitated by innate biological preparedness and social interaction. Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the 'naming explosion' in language development?

A rapid increase in vocabulary acquisition Signup and view all the answers

At what age can infants reportedly defer imitation?

6 weeks Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is mentioned as influencing the stability of intelligence over time?

Socioeconomic conditions Signup and view all the answers

What role does infant-directed speech play in language development?

It simplifies language to facilitate comprehension and engagement. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of cognitive development do the Bayley Scales specifically measure?

Cognitive, language, and motor development Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts describes how toddlers categorize themselves?

Categorical self Signup and view all the answers

What is one common misconception about infants’ imitative behavior according to recent research?

Infants begin to imitate facial gestures much earlier than previously believed. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

Babies assimilate information using innate schemes like looking, listening, and sucking, while accommodating these schemes through experiences.
The sensorimotor stage consists of six substages, each critical for cognitive growth.
Substage 1 (0-1 month): Infants respond to available stimuli.
Substage 2 (1-4 months): Coordination of primary actions centered on the infant's body; marked by primary circular reactions.
Substage 3 (4-8 months): Infants repeat actions to elicit external reactions, demonstrating early means-end understanding.
Substage 4 (12-18 months): Exploration, showcasing tertiary circular reactions through variations of previous actions.
Substage 5 (18-24 months): Development of mental symbols leads to problem-solving abilities and understanding of object permanence around 2 months.

Accuracy of Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage

Piaget underestimated infants' cognitive capabilities; studies indicate object permanence recognition at around 5 months.
Developmental object permanence may be a process of elaboration rather than merely discovery.
Newborns show the ability to imitate facial gestures much earlier than Piaget proposed.
Deferred imitation can occur as early as 6 weeks, contradicting Piaget's timeline.

Learning Theories in Infancy

Classical Conditioning: Reflexive responses connected to stimuli.
Operant Conditioning: Learning behaviors based on their consequences.
Modeling: Learning through observing reinforcement or punishment of behaviors.
The understanding of how infants learn is enhanced by these theories.

Categorical Self and Memory

Toddlers develop an understanding of identity through categories such as gender and traits like shyness.
Infants' memories are context-specific, developing category recognition as they take in information.
By around 2 years, infants understand smaller categories within larger ones.

Bayley Scales

Measures cognitive, language, and motor development aspects in infants.
Intelligence is defined as the ability to adapt information to the environment, remaining relatively stable but modifiable by various factors.
Factors affecting intelligence include early educational interventions and socioeconomic conditions.

Language Development Perspectives

Behaviorist Perspective: Language acquisition through reinforcement from caregivers (nurture).
Nativist Perspective: Children are innately equipped with a language acquisition device (LAD) for grammatical structures (nature).
Interactionist Perspective: Language development emerges through biological preparedness and neurocognitive processes (nature and nurture).

Language Development Milestones

1-2 months: Infants begin cooing.
6-7 months: Babbling with consonants and vowels starts.
9-10 months: First words are spoken; understanding of 20-30 words emerges.
12-13 months: Expressive language develops; meaningful word use begins.
12-18 months: Unique communication through holophrases combining words and gestures.
16-24 months: Naming explosion occurs, with rapid new word acquisition.

Environmental Influences on Cognitive and Language Development

Adult interactions significantly support language development and bolster emerging capacities in infants.

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Description

Test your knowledge on Piaget's theory of cognitive development, focusing specifically on the sensorimotor stage. This quiz covers the subtleties of how infants assimilate and accommodate information through their interactions with the environment. Understand the key behaviors and milestones that define this crucial development phase.