Cognitive Development Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which category does cognitive development fall under when considering age-related changes?

Cognitive Domain (correct)

Qualitative Changes

Social Domain

Physical Domain

How is continuity in development primarily characterized?

Emergence of new skills

Quantitative change in development (correct)

Changes in interpersonal relationships

Qualitative changes in behavior

What is emphasized by the Interactionist Model of Development?

The dominance of genetic factors over environmental influences

Reciprocal interactions between nature and nurture (correct)

The complete separation of nature and nurture

A linear approach to developmental changes

Which of the following best describes discontinuity in developmental changes?

Emergence of entirely new strategies and skills Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the three classifications of age-related changes?

Universal changes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main developmental task associated with the anal stage of psychosexual development?

Toilet training Signup and view all the answers

Which adult characteristic is associated with the oral stage of psychosexual development?

Smoking Signup and view all the answers

During which psychosocial stage is the conflict of trust vs. mistrust primarily resolved?

Birth to 1 year Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus during the latency stage of psychosexual development?

Identifying with same-sex peers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a key aspect of Erikson's psychosocial theory?

Development requires resolving crises or dilemmas Signup and view all the answers

What is the adult characteristic associated with the phallic stage of psychosexual development?

Vanity Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary development task of the genital stage in psychosexual development?

Achieve mature sexual intimacy Signup and view all the answers

In Erikson's theory, which stage corresponds to the conflict of industry vs. inferiority?

School age Signup and view all the answers

How does Erikson's psychosocial theory view personality development?

As a combination of inner instincts and cultural demands Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant weakness of cognitive psychology?

Much research involves artificial lab tasks. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of Freud's personality structure?

Sublimation Signup and view all the answers

What concept is central to evolutionary psychology?

Genetically inherited cognitive and social traits. Signup and view all the answers

In systems theory, what is one of the main challenges faced by researchers?

It is difficult to form generalizations and predictions. Signup and view all the answers

Which process is considered an internal drive in Freud's theory?

Libido. Signup and view all the answers

What do behavior geneticists primarily focus on?

The genetic contribution to behavior traits. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Freud's psychosexual stages is accurate?

They are fixed sequences determined by maturation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory?

Social interactions as foundational to complex thinking Signup and view all the answers

In Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, which process involves modifying a cognitive scheme in response to new information?

Accommodating Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines self-efficacy as described in Bandura’s Social-Cognitive theory?

Capability to influence personal development Signup and view all the answers

Which stage in Erikson's psychosocial development focuses on the struggle between industry and inferiority?

Industry vs. Inferiority Signup and view all the answers

Which type of conditioning involves learning through the association of two stimuli, as demonstrated by Pavlov?

Classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

How does the Systems Theory conceptualize human development?

As a dynamic system influenced by personal and external factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which reinforcement is sometimes applied but not consistently, as defined in operant conditioning?

Partial reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the highest level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Self-actualization Signup and view all the answers

What principle is key to Skinner's understanding of operant conditioning?

The impact of consequences on behavior Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages of cognitive development with their corresponding theorists:

Sensorimotor = Jean Piaget Preoperational = Jean Piaget Concrete Operational = Jean Piaget Formal Operational = Jean Piaget Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of reversibility in cognitive development refer to?

Recognizing that objects can return to their original condition Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best captures the essence of transitivity in cognitive development?

Recognizing relationships among items in a sequential order Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'automaticity' in information processing skills refer to?

The capability to recall information without using short-term memory Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes the most to advancing information-processing skills as individuals grow older?

An increase in knowledge about various topics Signup and view all the answers

What is Horizontal Decalage in the context of Piaget’s theories?

The gradual application of cognitive skills across varied contexts and problems Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants begin to individuate based on spatio-temporal information?

4 months Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used to measure the potential intelligence of infants through their response speed?

Fagan’s Test of Infant Intelligence Signup and view all the answers

What process begins to develop in infants by the age of 7 months related to categorization?

Schematic Learning Signup and view all the answers

What developmental tool is used to identify serious developmental delays in infants and toddlers?

Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development Signup and view all the answers

Which type of conditioning is particularly noted for enabling infants to learn through responses to their environment?

Operant Conditioning Signup and view all the answers

By what age do children start to demonstrate hierarchical categorization?

2 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the core function of the Language Acquisition Device according to the nativist perspective?

To provide basic grammatical structure Signup and view all the answers

What forms the basis for the observational learning supported by Provasi and others?

Imitation of behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does habituation highlight in terms of infant cognitive abilities?

Perceptual efficiency Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding early educational interventions?

They can enhance intelligence. Signup and view all the answers

Which approach do contemporary developmentalists take regarding the interaction of characteristics and environmental factors?

They emphasize a complex interplay between inborn characteristics and environmental factors. Signup and view all the answers

What significant shift has occurred in the understanding of adulthood in developmental psychology?

Adults are recognized to go through major life changes that affect development. Signup and view all the answers

Which pioneer in developmental psychology suggested a genetically programmed sequence of change known as maturation?

Arnold Gesell Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of developmental changes do contemporary researchers emphasize in their studies?

Variability in development occurs based on cultural and contextual factors. Signup and view all the answers

Who identified norms related to the average ages at which developmental milestones occur?

G. Stanley Hall Signup and view all the answers

What does the lifespan perspective in human development emphasize?

Significant changes can occur at any age throughout the lifespan. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects a contemporary view of development as opposed to earlier theories?

Environmental demands can cause changes at any point in the lifespan. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary criticism of cognitive psychology regarding its research methods?

It often uses artificial lab tasks affecting ecological validity. Signup and view all the answers

In systems theory, what is a main challenge associated with understanding human development?

The complexity of interactions among various factors. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is NOT part of Freud's structure of personality?

Persona Signup and view all the answers

What does evolutionary psychology aim to explain about human traits?

They are shaped by both genetic inheritance and environmental mechanisms. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect is considered a strength of systems theory in the study of development?

Captures the complexity of individual and contextual variables. Signup and view all the answers

How does psychoanalytic theory describe the influence of internal drives on behavior?

They influence behavior through both conscious and unconscious processes. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily informs the principles of behavior genetics?

The genetic similarities among related individuals. Signup and view all the answers

Freud's concept of libido is best described as what?

An internal drive for physical pleasure. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the field of evolutionary development psychology?

It examines the timing of cognitive and social traits that enhance survival. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Infant-Directed Speech (IDS)?

To help infants identify sounds and grammatical forms of their language. Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants typically start producing cooing vowel sounds?

1 month Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the 'naming explosion' phase of language development?

Infants generalize the meaning of new words to many situations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes telegraphic speech?

Simple sentences that include only essential words like nouns and verbs. Signup and view all the answers

What role do early experiences play in language development?

They contribute to the richness of vocabulary and complexity of sentence structure. Signup and view all the answers

At around what age do infants typically begin to say their first words?

12 months Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of bilingualism according to the content?

Improved understanding of language as a concept. Signup and view all the answers

How do cultural differences affect language development in children?

They can underestimate certain children's language abilities. Signup and view all the answers

Which stage comes after the babbling phase in infant language development?

Holophrastic speech Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of receptive language development at 9-10 months?

Understanding around 20-30 words. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 1 - Basic Concepts and Methods - The Scientific Study of Human Development

Beliefs about human development have been influenced by philosophers' observations of people at different ages
Currently rely on the scientific method to study development
Developmental psychology is the scientific study of age-related changes in our bodies, behaviour, thinking, emotions, social relationships, and personalities
Development is enduring changes in people's capacity and behaviour as they grow older due to biological growth and interactions with their environment
Study of Human Development Becomes a Science: Charles Darwin understood human development by studying child development and G. Stanley Hall identified norms, or the average ages at which milestones happen.
Arnold Gesell suggested genetically programmed sequential patterns of change, termed maturation
Jean Piaget described 4 stages in the development of logical thinking between birth and adolescence
Psychology in Canada:
- First courses: Mental & moral philosophy taught at Dalhousie
- William Blatz opened OISE in 1925
- Canadian Psychological Association (CPA), founded in 1939

Contemporary Human Development

The term “development” encompasses the entire human lifespan
Developmentalists understand inborn characteristics interact with environmental factors in complex ways
Pioneers thought of change in terms of norms; today's developmentalists view norms as a kind of change

The Lifespan Perspective

Important changes occur during every period of development
These changes must be interpreted within the context of culture
Interdisciplinary research is needed to fully understand human development
Capacity for positive change (plasticity) in response to environmental demands is possible throughout life

The Domains of Development

Age-related changes across the lifespan can be categorized as cognitive, social, and physical
Cognitive Domain: Includes changes in thinking, memory, problem-solving, and other intellectual skills
Social Domain: Includes changes in variables associated with the interpersonal relationships of individuals to others
Physical Domain: Includes changes in size, shape, and characteristics of the body
Development in the Real World: Toys are more than just playthings to promote the various elements of children's development; toy designers create many toys to promote various elements of children's development: toys should challenge and stimulate the child based on their age.

Cross-sectional designs: studying groups of participants of different ages at one time
Advantages: quick access to data about age differences
Limitations: Ignores individual differences, cohort effects
Longitudinal designs: Following the same individuals or groups over a period of time
Advantages: Tracks developmental changes in individuals and groups
Limitations: Time consuming and findings may only apply to the group being studied
Sequential designs: beginning with at least two age groups; testing each group over time
Advantages: Combines cross-sectional and longitudinal data, helpful for the same hypothesis
Limitations: Time-consuming; different rates of attrition across groups

Research Methods for Identifying Relationships Between Variables

Variables: Characteristics that vary between individuals (physical size, intelligence, personality)
Researcher study development using descriptive methods and experiments
Descriptive Methods:
- Case studies: in-depth examinations of single individuals
- Naturalistic observation: observing people in their normal environment
- Surveys: using interviews or questionnaires

Research Ethics

Researchers must follow guidelines to protect the rights of animals and humans who participate in the studies, such as protection from harm, informed consent, confidentiality, knowledge of results, and deception.

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Description

Test your knowledge on cognitive development and its characteristics, including continuity and discontinuity in developmental changes. This quiz covers important concepts such as the Interactionist Model of Development and age-related changes. See how well you understand these fundamental psychological ideas.