Cognitive Bias Overview
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Cognitive Bias Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is cognitive bias primarily characterized by?

  • A balanced judgment process
  • An accurate assessment of situations
  • A systematic error in judgment (correct)
  • An objective decision-making process

    • Which type of cognitive bias involves attributing others' successes to luck?

  • Confirmation bias
  • External attribution bias
  • Self-serving bias (correct)
  • Actor-observer bias

    • What does the actor-observer bias suggest about negative events?

  • They can be attributed to one's own behavior.
  • They are always due to external circumstances.
  • They are a reflection of personal flaws.
  • They are often blamed on others' behavior. (correct)

    • Which of the following is an example of cognitive bias in decision-making?

    <p>Believing you are always right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does confirmation bias encourage individuals to do?

    <p>Only engage with information that supports their viewpoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cognitive bias typically affect conclusions drawn by individuals?

    <p>Results in inaccurate or unreasonable conclusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which thought pattern exemplifies the idea that 'everyone is responsible for their behavior, except me'?

    <p>Self-serving bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception associated with cognitive bias?

    <p>It can influence personal and social decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bias involves a person's belief that their own perspective is the norm?

    <p>False consensus effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does cognitive bias have on the perception of news sources?

    <p>Leads to selective exposure to confirming information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is optimism bias?

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does self-serving bias influence an individual's perspective on success or failure?

    <p>They credit themselves for successes and blame outside factors for failures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the Dunning-Kruger effect?

    <p>People overestimate their skills due to ignorance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a stereotype?

    <p>An oversimplified belief that all members of a group share characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between prejudice and stereotyping?

    <p>Stereotyping is a belief, while prejudice is a reaction based on that belief.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to prejudice in individuals?

    <p>Stereotyping and preconceived notions about groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios exemplifies self-serving bias?

    <p>A salesperson credits their skills for a successful month.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might someone engage in optimism bias regarding health risks?

    <p>They believe they are less likely to experience negative events due to personal reasons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of anchoring bias on decision-making?

    <p>It causes us to rely too heavily on the first piece of information we receive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes attentional bias?

    <p>A pattern in which our perceptions are guided by recurring thoughts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does confirmation bias impact our information-seeking behavior?

    <p>It encourages us to seek out evidence that confirms our existing beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception associated with false-consensus bias?

    <p>Individuals think their opinions are shared by a majority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example illustrates attentional bias the most clearly?

    <p>Someone who only remembers instances of plane crashes and ignores how safe flying generally is.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situation would anchoring bias most likely result in a poor decision?

    <p>When the initial piece of information is misleading.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a typical reaction of someone influenced by confirmation bias?

    <p>They will actively seek supporting information for their personal beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can false-consensus bias affect social interactions?

    <p>It leads to misjudgments about others' opinions and reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cognitive Bias

    • A systematic error in judgment and decision-making.
    • Leads to inaccurate or unreasonable conclusions.

    Examples of Cognitive Bias

    • Confirmation Bias: Seeking information that supports existing beliefs while dismissing evidence that contradicts them.

      • Example: A person who doesn't believe in climate change will only seek out information that supports their belief.

    • Actor-Observer Bias: Tendency to attribute negative events to others' behavior but not to your own.

      • Example: Seeing a car accident, a person may blame the driver but not consider their own actions.

    • Optimism Bias: Overestimating the likelihood of experiencing positive events and underestimating negative ones.

      • Example: A person may smoke despite knowing the health risks, believing they are not susceptible to cancer.

    • Self-Serving Bias: Attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external factors.

    • Dunning-Kruger Effect: Overestimating one's knowledge or ability, especially in areas with limited knowledge or experience.

      • This is due to a lack of knowledge about a subject, poor self-awareness, and low cognitive ability.

    • Anchoring Bias: Clinging to the first piece of information received to base decisions upon. It can be difficult to modify this anchor with new information.

      • Example: A person told to wait 30 minutes for a reservation will find 35 minutes frustrating.

    • Attentional Bias: Perception of the world is influenced strongly by reoccurring thoughts – what we pay attention to.

      • Can lead to poor decision-making as we do not weigh all the pros and cons.
      • Example: Most planes are safe, but one plane crash can lead someone to believe that flying in dangerous.

    • False-Consensus Bias: Overestimating the extent to which other people are like you, think like you, and act like you.

      • People assume others are more like them than they actually are.
      • Example: Making racist or sexist comments, assuming friends won't find it offensive.

    Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

    • Stereotyping (the belief): Believing that people belong to a certain group, regardless of individual differences.

      • Example: A person having a good car and being wealthy is considered selfish.

    • Prejudice (the attitude): Holding a positive or negative attitude towards members of a group based solely on their group membership.

      • Example: Women, men, race, or religion.
      • Stereotyping can lead to prejudice.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of cognitive biases that affect our judgment and decision-making. This quiz delves into various examples such as confirmation bias, actor-observer bias, and optimism bias, highlighting their implications in everyday life. Test your knowledge on how these biases shape our conclusions and self-perceptions.

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