Cognitive Bias and Cultural Psychology
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary consequence of the fundamental attribution error?

  • Individuals are often blamed for their circumstances. (correct)
  • People exhibit higher empathy towards others.
  • Situational factors are typically recognized.
  • External circumstances are considered first.

    • How does confirmation bias affect the way people process information?

  • It encourages a neutral evaluation of all evidence.
  • It causes individuals to favor information that supports their beliefs. (correct)
  • It leads to balanced interpretation of conflicting data.
  • It promotes critical questioning of existing beliefs.

    • In the study by Hamilton and Gifford, what did participants likely overestimate regarding group B?

  • The number of group members.
  • The total behaviors of both groups.
  • The frequency of their positive behaviors.
  • The rate of negative behaviors. (correct)

    • What effect does cognitive bias have on stereotypes according to the information provided?

    <p>It leads to an uncritical evaluation of minority groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary method used in the Hamilton and Gifford study to assess group behavior perceptions?

    <p>Recall of positive and negative behaviors from presented statements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical characteristic of a house in Chinese culture regarding privacy?

    <p>High walls and gates for protection from outside views</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Canadian students typically share their experiences compared to Asian students?

    <p>They share stories solely from their own viewpoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant difference between independent and interdependent cultures regarding self-esteem?

    <p>Independent cultures foster higher levels of self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way are Japanese people typically encouraged to engage in self-assessment compared to Americans?

    <p>Regular 'assisted' self-criticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the difference in attention focus between analytic and holistic cultures?

    <p>Holistic cultures attend to the entire context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive approach is emphasized in analytic cultures compared to holistic cultures?

    <p>Focus on rules and categories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What memory performance difference was noted between Japanese and American students?

    <p>Japanese students had better memory for the background</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Japanese students typically perform in recognizing objects in different backgrounds?

    <p>Less adept due to context binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon occurs when individuals convince themselves that they did not want a choice they did not select?

    <p>Post decision dissonance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study by Aronson and Miller, what impact did the embarrassment test have on participants' ratings of the discussion?

    <p>Participants rated it higher in the high effort condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect did Bem's study introduce that was not present in the original Festinger and Carlsmith study?

    <p>An observer condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Ikea effect describe in relation to self-built products?

    <p>Self-built products are valued higher due to effort and time invested.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the free choice paradigm study conducted by Brehm, what was the main observable behavior after participants made their selections?

    <p>Unchosen items were rated much lower after selection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concept behind effort justification dissonance?

    <p>Individuals justify their investments in disappointing outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Bem's study, what conclusion was drawn about observers and their attitudes towards the task?

    <p>Observers believed participants in the $1 condition enjoyed the task more.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does paying in cash reportedly have on people's perception of spending?

    <p>It is seen as more painful than paying by credit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main finding of Cooper, Zanna, and Taves in their 1978 study regarding arousal and dissonance?

    <p>Arousal increases the dissonance effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Linder et al.'s 1967 study, which factor influenced the degree of attitude change in participants regarding the ban on communists?

    <p>The choice given to participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study by Liberman et al. demonstrate about amnesic participants regarding dissonance?

    <p>Memory plays a crucial role in dissonance reduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did cognitive load affect dissonance reduction in the replicated study?

    <p>High cognitive load depleted resources needed for dissonance reduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the embarrassing task in Balcetis and Dunning's study?

    <p>To assess the impact of embarrassment on perceived distance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do appraisals play in the experience of emotions?

    <p>They interpret a situation, leading to emotional experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes internal attributions in social contexts?

    <p>They reflect the disposition and personality across contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon did the research involving rats and starlings reveal about effort justification?

    <p>Animals prefer food they worked harder to obtain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the difference in attitude towards Richard Nixon based on the choice condition in the studies?

    <p>Those with low choice expressed more negative attitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of emotions as defined in the content?

    <p>Emotions arise in response to specific events or challenges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of group size on conformity?

    <p>Conformity increases with group size but levels off after a certain point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor most significantly contributes to the validity of a consensus opinion?

    <p>The independence of the sources providing the opinion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study conducted by Torrance (1955), which member of the airplane crew had the highest percentage of reported answers?

    <p>The pilot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does embarrassment related to group size change?

    <p>Embarrassment decreases as the number of participants increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study by Hove and Risen (2009) suggest about synchronized movements?

    <p>They promote social bonding and positive feelings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary task in Torrance's study regarding airplane crews?

    <p>Reasoning during problem-solving tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the validity of a group consensus opinion after 3-4 individuals?

    <p>It becomes less likely to be taken seriously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the observable outcomes when participants tapped in sync with the experimenter?

    <p>They expressed greater liking for the experimenter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key moral virtue associated with authority/subversion?

    <p>Respect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can prevent an individual from recognizing an emergency situation?

    <p>Crowd presence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What barrier can lead individuals to interpret a situation as non-emergency?

    <p>Pluralistic ignorance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of helping behavior, what does diffusion of responsibility refer to?

    <p>Assuming someone else will take action in a group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What moral virtue is emphasized in the sanctity/degradation perspective?

    <p>Purity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following barriers might prevent a person from providing help?

    <p>Fear of making things worse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the authority/subversion moral framework?

    <p>Disrespect and rebellion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step is NOT part of the decision-making model proposed by Latane and Darley?

    <p>Analyze past experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    2027 Social Psychology Notes

    • Various topics are covered in the notes including self-evaluation, self-regulation, cultural self, cognitive dissonance, social attributions, physiological and cognitive factors on emotion, prejudice and discrimination, conformity, obedience, aggression, helping behaviour, social psychology and health, and improving health behaviours.
    • The notes detail different theories and studies related to each topic.

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    Description

    This quiz explores various concepts within cognitive psychology, focusing on cognitive biases such as the fundamental attribution error and confirmation bias. Additionally, it examines cultural differences in self-esteem and social experiences between independent and interdependent cultures. Test your understanding of how these psychological principles are influenced by cultural contexts.

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