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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of exposure therapies?
What is the primary purpose of exposure therapies?
In the context of cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT), what two approaches are integrated?
In the context of cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT), what two approaches are integrated?
Which of the following is a characteristic of aversive conditioning?
Which of the following is a characteristic of aversive conditioning?
What are the three universal benefits of therapy?
What are the three universal benefits of therapy?
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What does the 3-Legged Stool of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) represent?
What does the 3-Legged Stool of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) represent?
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What is one benefit of having close relationships according to the ways to increase happiness?
What is one benefit of having close relationships according to the ways to increase happiness?
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Which of the following best describes 'internal locus of control'?
Which of the following best describes 'internal locus of control'?
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What is a key component of the fight-or-flight response?
What is a key component of the fight-or-flight response?
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What does gratitude contribute to in terms of happiness?
What does gratitude contribute to in terms of happiness?
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Which coping strategy focuses directly on resolving the source of stress?
Which coping strategy focuses directly on resolving the source of stress?
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How does stress influence health according to the content?
How does stress influence health according to the content?
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Which therapy technique focuses on uncovering unconscious conflicts from childhood?
Which therapy technique focuses on uncovering unconscious conflicts from childhood?
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What is a characteristic of bipolar disorders?
What is a characteristic of bipolar disorders?
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What role does spirituality play in increasing happiness?
What role does spirituality play in increasing happiness?
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What is meant by 'flow' in the context of happiness?
What is meant by 'flow' in the context of happiness?
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What does the kindling hypothesis suggest in the context of psychological disorders?
What does the kindling hypothesis suggest in the context of psychological disorders?
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Which of the following best describes attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Which of the following best describes attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
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What is the primary aim of insight therapies?
What is the primary aim of insight therapies?
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Which therapeutic approach emphasizes unconditional positive regard and empathy?
Which therapeutic approach emphasizes unconditional positive regard and empathy?
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Which model explains the interaction between genetic vulnerability and environmental stress in the development of disorders?
Which model explains the interaction between genetic vulnerability and environmental stress in the development of disorders?
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Which of the following describes a strategy to create new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors?
Which of the following describes a strategy to create new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors?
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What is the primary difference between LaDoux & Zajonc's theory and Lazarus's theory regarding emotions?
What is the primary difference between LaDoux & Zajonc's theory and Lazarus's theory regarding emotions?
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Which of the following describes the spillover effect?
Which of the following describes the spillover effect?
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What does the facial feedback effect suggest?
What does the facial feedback effect suggest?
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Which emotion is NOT one of the ten basic emotions identified by Izard's research?
Which emotion is NOT one of the ten basic emotions identified by Izard's research?
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Which of the following factors is least related to an individual's happiness?
Which of the following factors is least related to an individual's happiness?
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What is NOT one of the three pillars of positive psychology?
What is NOT one of the three pillars of positive psychology?
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How does the feel-good, do-good phenomenon manifest in social behavior?
How does the feel-good, do-good phenomenon manifest in social behavior?
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What does subjective well-being primarily measure?
What does subjective well-being primarily measure?
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What is the primary focus of the phallic stage of development according to Freud?
What is the primary focus of the phallic stage of development according to Freud?
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What defense mechanism involves returning to behaviors from an earlier stage of development?
What defense mechanism involves returning to behaviors from an earlier stage of development?
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Which of the following best describes projection as a defense mechanism?
Which of the following best describes projection as a defense mechanism?
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In Freud's model, which stage follows latency and is characterized by the maturation of sexual interests?
In Freud's model, which stage follows latency and is characterized by the maturation of sexual interests?
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What is the purpose of projective tests in psychology?
What is the purpose of projective tests in psychology?
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Which defense mechanism involves justifying behaviors with explanations?
Which defense mechanism involves justifying behaviors with explanations?
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What aspect of personality development does Adler primarily focus on?
What aspect of personality development does Adler primarily focus on?
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What happens during the latency stage of development?
What happens during the latency stage of development?
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What is central route persuasion primarily characterized by?
What is central route persuasion primarily characterized by?
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The foot-in-the-door phenomenon illustrates what aspect of human behavior?
The foot-in-the-door phenomenon illustrates what aspect of human behavior?
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Cognitive dissonance theory explains discomfort arising from which situation?
Cognitive dissonance theory explains discomfort arising from which situation?
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What does the fundamental attribution error refer to?
What does the fundamental attribution error refer to?
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Social contagion can often lead to which type of influence?
Social contagion can often lead to which type of influence?
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What does normative social influence primarily involve?
What does normative social influence primarily involve?
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The social facilitation effect suggests what about performance in the presence of others?
The social facilitation effect suggests what about performance in the presence of others?
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What significant finding did Milgram's obedience research reveal?
What significant finding did Milgram's obedience research reveal?
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Study Notes
Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
- Howard Gardner proposed intelligence isn't a singular ability, but rather consists of multiple types
- Each type represents a distinct way of processing information
Types of Multiple Intelligences
- Linguistic: Word-based skills (e.g., writers, poets)
- Logical-Mathematical: Logical reasoning and problem-solving (e.g., scientists, mathematicians)
- Musical: Sensitivity to sound patterns and music (e.g., composers, musicians)
- Bodily-Kinesthetic: Control of body movements and coordination (e.g., athletes, dancers)
- Spatial: Visualizing and manipulating objects in space (e.g., architects, artists)
- Interpersonal: Understanding and interacting effectively with others (e.g., teachers, leaders)
- Intrapersonal: Self-awareness and understanding one's own emotions (e.g., philosophers, psychologists)
- Naturalistic: Recognizing patterns in nature (e.g., biologists, conservationists)
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
- Robert Sternberg suggested intelligence has three main aspects
- Analytical Intelligence: Problem-solving and logical reasoning, measured by traditional IQ tests
- Creative Intelligence: Ability to generate new ideas and adapt to novel situations
- Practical Intelligence: Everyday skills and "street smarts" for handling real-world tasks
Emotional Intelligence (4 Components)
- Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand and manage emotions effectively
- Perceiving Emotions: Recognizing emotions in yourself and others
- Understanding Emotions: Knowing what causes emotions and how they evolve
- Managing Emotions: Regulating your own emotions and responding appropriately to others
- Using Emotions: Applying emotions to problem-solving and creative thinking
Motivation (4 Theories)
- Instinct Theory: Some behaviors are innate and crucial for survival (e.g., animals hunting)
- Drive-Reduction Theory: Focuses on responding to physiological needs (e.g., hunger, thirst) to maintain homeostasis (a balanced internal state).
- Incentive Theory: Positive or negative environmental stimuli motivate behaviors.
- Arousal Theory: Focuses on finding the right level of stimulation.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
- Describes five levels of human needs, prioritizing some over others
- Often visualized as a pyramid, with basic needs at the base
- Physiological Needs: Basic needs like hunger and thirst
- Safety Needs: Need for safety and security
- Belongingness and Love Needs: Need to belong and be loved
- Esteem Needs: Need for self-esteem, recognition, and respect
- Self-Actualization Needs: Need to reach one's full potential
- Self-Transcendence Needs: Need to find meaning and identity beyond oneself
Emotion Theories
- James-Lange Theory: Body reaction precedes the emotional experience (e.g., racing heart leads to fear).
- Cannon-Bard Theory: Body reaction and emotional experience occur simultaneously (e.g., heart racing and feeling fear simultaneously).
- Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory: Emotions are a combination of physical arousal and cognitive interpretation (e.g., heart racing plus identifying the cause as fear, creating fear).
Stress
- Stress: The process of perceiving and responding to certain life events (stressors)
- Cognitive Appraisals: Evaluation of events as challenges or threats impacting stress response
- Fight-or-Flight Response: Physiological reaction to stress involving the sympathetic nervous system
- General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): Three stages (alarm, resistance, exhaustion) in response to prolonged stress.
- Stress-Health Connection: Stress negatively affects the immune system
- Personal Control: Belief in controlling your life plays a role in coping with stress
- Internal locus of control = belief actions shape life
- External locus of control = belief outside factors shape your life.
Learned Helplessness
- Feeling of lack of control over one's life, leading to feelings of helplessness
Coping Strategies
- Methods to reduce stress, employing emotional, cognitive, or behavioral approaches
Social Psychology
- The scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another
Attitudes
- Feelings affecting responses to situations, often shaped by beliefs.
Persuasion Techniques
- Central Route: Fact-based arguments
- Peripheral Route: Appealing to surface aspects (e.g., appearance, likeability).
Group Effects
- Social Facilitation: Enhanced performance with others in simple tasks.
- Social Loafing: Reduced effort in group settings.
- Deindividuation: Individuality and self-control decline in groups.
- Group Polarization: Stronger opinions in like-minded groups.
- Groupthink: Prioritizing group agreement over critical decision-making
Personality
- Psychodynamic Theory: Emphasizes unconscious thoughts, desires, and conflicts shaping behavior
- Psychoanalysis: Therapy method to uncover unconscious conflicts
- Free Association: Therapy technique where patients freely express thoughts and feelings
-
Structural Model of Personality (Id, Ego, Superego):
- Id: Instinctive desires (hunger, sex, aggression) seeking immediate pleasure
- Ego: Realistic mediator between id and superego
- Superego: Moral values, rules, and ideals
- Psychosexual Stages (Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital): Stages of development focused on specific erogenous zones.
- Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious strategies to cope with anxiety (e.g., repression, projection)
- Humanistic Perspective: Emphasizes personal growth and fulfillment (Rogers's unconditional positive regard)
- Trait Perspective: Focuses on stable personality characteristics (e.g., Big Five factors)
- Person-Situation Controversy: Debate regarding the relative importance of personality traits versus situational influences on behavior.
- Social-Cognitive Perspective: Explains behavior through interactions and reciprocal determinism (internal factors, environment, and behavior influence each other).
Disorders
- Psychological Disorder: Clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion, or behavior.
- Medical Model: Views psychological disorders as illnesses requiring diagnosis and treatment
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5): Used to classify and diagnose mental disorders.
- Dimensional vs. Categorical: Dimensional approach uses a scale, categorical classifies in categories.
- Components of all diagnostic criteria: Symptoms, duration, impairment
- Anxiety Disorders: Specific phobias, social anxiety, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Characterized by obsessions (thoughts) and compulsions (behaviors).
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Emotional disturbance after traumatic experience.
- Mood Disorders: Major depressive disorder (MDD), persistent depressive disorder (PDD), bipolar disorders (mania, depression)
- Schizophrenia: Psychological disorder marked by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thoughts.
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Characterized by attention problems and/or hyperactivity
Treatments
- Psychotherapy: Treatment using psychological techniques (e.g., psychodynamic, humanistic, behavior).
- Biomedical Therapy: Treatments using medical approaches (e.g., medication, procedures).
- Eclectic Approach: Combining different therapeutic strategies.
- Insight Therapies: Techniques to increase self-awareness.
- Psychodynamic Therapy: Uncovering unconscious conflicts.
- Gestalt Approach: Personal responsibility, present moment awareness
- Humanistic/Person-Centered Therapy: Unconditional positive regard, empathy.
- Behavior Therapy: Learning to replace maladaptive behaviors with healthier ones. (classical, operant conditioning
- Counterconditioning: Creating new conditioned responses to stimuli
- Exposure Therapy: Gradual exposure to feared stimuli
- Systematic Desensitization Combining exposure with relaxation techniques.
- Aversion Therapy: Associating unwanted behaviors with unpleasant stimuli
- Operant Conditioning: Using rewards and punishments to shape behavior.
- Group Therapy: Shared support and skills building in a group setting
- Family Therapy: Enhancing family dynamics and communication.
- Evidence-Based Practice (EBP): Using research to inform clinical practice
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts related to cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT). This quiz covers the primary purposes of exposure therapies, the benefits of therapy, and core components of evidence-based practice. Challenge yourself and deepen your understanding of CBT!