Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of exposure therapies?

  • To eliminate all negative behaviors through punishment
  • To encourage clients to avoid triggers entirely
  • To enhance memory retention in clients
  • To gradually expose clients to feared objects or situations to reduce avoidance (correct)
  • In the context of cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT), what two approaches are integrated?

  • Psychoanalysis and systemic therapy
  • Behavioral therapy and exposure therapy
  • Cognitive therapy and behavior therapy (correct)
  • Cognitive therapy and directive therapy
  • Which of the following is a characteristic of aversive conditioning?

  • Presents positive reinforcement to encourage behavior
  • Involves only cognitive restructuring techniques
  • Pairs unwanted behaviors with unpleasant stimuli (correct)
  • Focuses exclusively on group dynamics
  • What are the three universal benefits of therapy?

    <p>Hope for improvement, a new perspective on problems, and a strong therapeutic alliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 3-Legged Stool of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) represent?

    <p>Research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one benefit of having close relationships according to the ways to increase happiness?

    <p>They provide emotional support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'internal locus of control'?

    <p>Believing your own actions shape your life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of the fight-or-flight response?

    <p>Physiological reaction to stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does gratitude contribute to in terms of happiness?

    <p>Promotes contentment and overall well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which coping strategy focuses directly on resolving the source of stress?

    <p>Problem-focused coping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does stress influence health according to the content?

    <p>It can increase vulnerability to illness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapy technique focuses on uncovering unconscious conflicts from childhood?

    <p>Psychodynamic therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of bipolar disorders?

    <p>Unusually excited mood states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does spirituality play in increasing happiness?

    <p>It promotes a sense of connection and purpose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'flow' in the context of happiness?

    <p>Being completely absorbed in the activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the kindling hypothesis suggest in the context of psychological disorders?

    <p>Small stressors can trigger episodes over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

    <p>Extreme inattention and hyperactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of insight therapies?

    <p>To increase awareness of underlying motives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapeutic approach emphasizes unconditional positive regard and empathy?

    <p>Humanistic/person-centered therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model explains the interaction between genetic vulnerability and environmental stress in the development of disorders?

    <p>Diathesis-Stress model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a strategy to create new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors?

    <p>Counterconditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between LaDoux & Zajonc's theory and Lazarus's theory regarding emotions?

    <p>LaDoux &amp; Zajonc emphasize immediate emotional responses, while Lazarus focuses on cognitive appraisal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the spillover effect?

    <p>Experiencing heightened emotions due to residual arousal from a previous event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the facial feedback effect suggest?

    <p>Facial expressions can trigger emotions similar to those expressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which emotion is NOT one of the ten basic emotions identified by Izard's research?

    <p>Jealousy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is least related to an individual's happiness?

    <p>Wealth beyond basic needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT one of the three pillars of positive psychology?

    <p>Positive environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the feel-good, do-good phenomenon manifest in social behavior?

    <p>Good mood leads to helping behaviors more often.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does subjective well-being primarily measure?

    <p>Cognitive assessment of one's life satisfaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the phallic stage of development according to Freud?

    <p>Genitals and coping with feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defense mechanism involves returning to behaviors from an earlier stage of development?

    <p>Regression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes projection as a defense mechanism?

    <p>Blaming others for one's own feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Freud's model, which stage follows latency and is characterized by the maturation of sexual interests?

    <p>Genital stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of projective tests in psychology?

    <p>To trigger projection of people's inner dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which defense mechanism involves justifying behaviors with explanations?

    <p>Rationalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of personality development does Adler primarily focus on?

    <p>Overcoming feelings of inferiority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the latency stage of development?

    <p>Suppression of sexual feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is central route persuasion primarily characterized by?

    <p>Presenting clear facts and logical arguments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The foot-in-the-door phenomenon illustrates what aspect of human behavior?

    <p>People are more likely to agree to a small request first</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive dissonance theory explains discomfort arising from which situation?

    <p>Having conflicting beliefs and behaviors causing internal tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the fundamental attribution error refer to?

    <p>Believing that others act based on their personality rather than situational factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social contagion can often lead to which type of influence?

    <p>Conformity based on the desire to fit in</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does normative social influence primarily involve?

    <p>Changing behavior to gain approval or avoid rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The social facilitation effect suggests what about performance in the presence of others?

    <p>Simple or well-learned tasks see improved performance, while complex tasks may worsen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant finding did Milgram's obedience research reveal?

    <p>Many people will obey authority figures even when it conflicts with personal morals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

    • Howard Gardner proposed intelligence isn't a singular ability, but rather consists of multiple types
    • Each type represents a distinct way of processing information

    Types of Multiple Intelligences

    • Linguistic: Word-based skills (e.g., writers, poets)
    • Logical-Mathematical: Logical reasoning and problem-solving (e.g., scientists, mathematicians)
    • Musical: Sensitivity to sound patterns and music (e.g., composers, musicians)
    • Bodily-Kinesthetic: Control of body movements and coordination (e.g., athletes, dancers)
    • Spatial: Visualizing and manipulating objects in space (e.g., architects, artists)
    • Interpersonal: Understanding and interacting effectively with others (e.g., teachers, leaders)
    • Intrapersonal: Self-awareness and understanding one's own emotions (e.g., philosophers, psychologists)
    • Naturalistic: Recognizing patterns in nature (e.g., biologists, conservationists)

    Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

    • Robert Sternberg suggested intelligence has three main aspects
    • Analytical Intelligence: Problem-solving and logical reasoning, measured by traditional IQ tests
    • Creative Intelligence: Ability to generate new ideas and adapt to novel situations
    • Practical Intelligence: Everyday skills and "street smarts" for handling real-world tasks

    Emotional Intelligence (4 Components)

    • Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand and manage emotions effectively
    • Perceiving Emotions: Recognizing emotions in yourself and others
    • Understanding Emotions: Knowing what causes emotions and how they evolve
    • Managing Emotions: Regulating your own emotions and responding appropriately to others
    • Using Emotions: Applying emotions to problem-solving and creative thinking

    Motivation (4 Theories)

    • Instinct Theory: Some behaviors are innate and crucial for survival (e.g., animals hunting)
    • Drive-Reduction Theory: Focuses on responding to physiological needs (e.g., hunger, thirst) to maintain homeostasis (a balanced internal state).
    • Incentive Theory: Positive or negative environmental stimuli motivate behaviors.
    • Arousal Theory: Focuses on finding the right level of stimulation.

    Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

    • Describes five levels of human needs, prioritizing some over others
    • Often visualized as a pyramid, with basic needs at the base
    • Physiological Needs: Basic needs like hunger and thirst
    • Safety Needs: Need for safety and security
    • Belongingness and Love Needs: Need to belong and be loved
    • Esteem Needs: Need for self-esteem, recognition, and respect
    • Self-Actualization Needs: Need to reach one's full potential
    • Self-Transcendence Needs: Need to find meaning and identity beyond oneself

    Emotion Theories

    • James-Lange Theory: Body reaction precedes the emotional experience (e.g., racing heart leads to fear).
    • Cannon-Bard Theory: Body reaction and emotional experience occur simultaneously (e.g., heart racing and feeling fear simultaneously).
    • Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory: Emotions are a combination of physical arousal and cognitive interpretation (e.g., heart racing plus identifying the cause as fear, creating fear).

    Stress

    • Stress: The process of perceiving and responding to certain life events (stressors)
    • Cognitive Appraisals: Evaluation of events as challenges or threats impacting stress response
    • Fight-or-Flight Response: Physiological reaction to stress involving the sympathetic nervous system
    • General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): Three stages (alarm, resistance, exhaustion) in response to prolonged stress.
    • Stress-Health Connection: Stress negatively affects the immune system
    • Personal Control: Belief in controlling your life plays a role in coping with stress
    • Internal locus of control = belief actions shape life
    • External locus of control = belief outside factors shape your life.

    Learned Helplessness

    • Feeling of lack of control over one's life, leading to feelings of helplessness

    Coping Strategies

    • Methods to reduce stress, employing emotional, cognitive, or behavioral approaches

    Social Psychology

    • The scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another

    Attitudes

    • Feelings affecting responses to situations, often shaped by beliefs.

    Persuasion Techniques

    • Central Route: Fact-based arguments
    • Peripheral Route: Appealing to surface aspects (e.g., appearance, likeability).

    Group Effects

    • Social Facilitation: Enhanced performance with others in simple tasks.
    • Social Loafing: Reduced effort in group settings.
    • Deindividuation: Individuality and self-control decline in groups.
    • Group Polarization: Stronger opinions in like-minded groups.
    • Groupthink: Prioritizing group agreement over critical decision-making

    Personality

    • Psychodynamic Theory: Emphasizes unconscious thoughts, desires, and conflicts shaping behavior
    • Psychoanalysis: Therapy method to uncover unconscious conflicts
    • Free Association: Therapy technique where patients freely express thoughts and feelings
    • Structural Model of Personality (Id, Ego, Superego):
      • Id: Instinctive desires (hunger, sex, aggression) seeking immediate pleasure
      • Ego: Realistic mediator between id and superego
      • Superego: Moral values, rules, and ideals
    • Psychosexual Stages (Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital): Stages of development focused on specific erogenous zones.
    • Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious strategies to cope with anxiety (e.g., repression, projection)
    • Humanistic Perspective: Emphasizes personal growth and fulfillment (Rogers's unconditional positive regard)
    • Trait Perspective: Focuses on stable personality characteristics (e.g., Big Five factors)
    • Person-Situation Controversy: Debate regarding the relative importance of personality traits versus situational influences on behavior.
    • Social-Cognitive Perspective: Explains behavior through interactions and reciprocal determinism (internal factors, environment, and behavior influence each other).

    Disorders

    • Psychological Disorder: Clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion, or behavior.
    • Medical Model: Views psychological disorders as illnesses requiring diagnosis and treatment
    • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5): Used to classify and diagnose mental disorders.
    • Dimensional vs. Categorical: Dimensional approach uses a scale, categorical classifies in categories.
    • Components of all diagnostic criteria: Symptoms, duration, impairment
    • Anxiety Disorders: Specific phobias, social anxiety, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).
    • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Characterized by obsessions (thoughts) and compulsions (behaviors).
    • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Emotional disturbance after traumatic experience.
    • Mood Disorders: Major depressive disorder (MDD), persistent depressive disorder (PDD), bipolar disorders (mania, depression)
    • Schizophrenia: Psychological disorder marked by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thoughts.
    • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Characterized by attention problems and/or hyperactivity

    Treatments

    • Psychotherapy: Treatment using psychological techniques (e.g., psychodynamic, humanistic, behavior).
    • Biomedical Therapy: Treatments using medical approaches (e.g., medication, procedures).
    • Eclectic Approach: Combining different therapeutic strategies.
    • Insight Therapies: Techniques to increase self-awareness.
    • Psychodynamic Therapy: Uncovering unconscious conflicts.
    • Gestalt Approach: Personal responsibility, present moment awareness
    • Humanistic/Person-Centered Therapy: Unconditional positive regard, empathy.
    • Behavior Therapy: Learning to replace maladaptive behaviors with healthier ones. (classical, operant conditioning
    • Counterconditioning: Creating new conditioned responses to stimuli
    • Exposure Therapy: Gradual exposure to feared stimuli
    • Systematic Desensitization Combining exposure with relaxation techniques.
    • Aversion Therapy: Associating unwanted behaviors with unpleasant stimuli
    • Operant Conditioning: Using rewards and punishments to shape behavior.
    • Group Therapy: Shared support and skills building in a group setting
    • Family Therapy: Enhancing family dynamics and communication.
    • Evidence-Based Practice (EBP): Using research to inform clinical practice

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts related to cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT). This quiz covers the primary purposes of exposure therapies, the benefits of therapy, and core components of evidence-based practice. Challenge yourself and deepen your understanding of CBT!

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