Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was the primary aim of Brewer and Treyens' study?
What was the primary aim of Brewer and Treyens' study?
- To study the role of schema theory in memory encoding and retrieval (correct)
- To analyze the reliability of short-term memory
- To explore the effects of distractions on memory recall
- To determine the impact of fatigue on memory performance
Which condition were participants not subjected to in Brewer and Treyens' experiment?
Which condition were participants not subjected to in Brewer and Treyens' experiment?
- Recall condition
- Long-term memory assessment (correct)
- Verbal recognition condition
- Drawing condition
What did participants tend to do with incongruent objects during recall tasks?
What did participants tend to do with incongruent objects during recall tasks?
- Omit them completely from memory
- Highlight their importance in the context
- Remember them accurately without distortion
- Change their location to fit their schema (correct)
Which of the following is considered a strength of Brewer and Treyens’ study?
Which of the following is considered a strength of Brewer and Treyens’ study?
What aspect did Bartlett investigate in relation to memory?
What aspect did Bartlett investigate in relation to memory?
What is a limitation of Brewer and Treyens' study noted in the findings?
What is a limitation of Brewer and Treyens' study noted in the findings?
What did participants identify more readily in the verbal recognition condition?
What did participants identify more readily in the verbal recognition condition?
What conclusion can be drawn from Brewer and Treyens' study about schemata?
What conclusion can be drawn from Brewer and Treyens' study about schemata?
What was the main finding of Bartlett's study on recall of the story 'The War of the Ghosts'?
What was the main finding of Bartlett's study on recall of the story 'The War of the Ghosts'?
In Glanzer and Cunitz's study, which factor influenced the recall of words from the start of the list?
In Glanzer and Cunitz's study, which factor influenced the recall of words from the start of the list?
What was the primary impact of articulatory suppression in Landry and Bartling's experiment?
What was the primary impact of articulatory suppression in Landry and Bartling's experiment?
What did Baddley and Hitch conclude regarding the use of working memory components in their study?
What did Baddley and Hitch conclude regarding the use of working memory components in their study?
What key theme did Bartlett observe regarding the distortion in recall of stories?
What key theme did Bartlett observe regarding the distortion in recall of stories?
Which aspect of memory was primarily investigated in Landry and Bartling's study?
Which aspect of memory was primarily investigated in Landry and Bartling's study?
What does the primacy effect refer to in Glanzer and Cunitz's research?
What does the primacy effect refer to in Glanzer and Cunitz's research?
Which of the following weaknesses was identified in Bartlett's study on memory?
Which of the following weaknesses was identified in Bartlett's study on memory?
In the context of memory studies, what was a notable strength of Baddley and Hitch's experiment?
In the context of memory studies, what was a notable strength of Baddley and Hitch's experiment?
What was the control condition in Landry and Bartling's experiment?
What was the control condition in Landry and Bartling's experiment?
How did the researchers in Glanzer and Cunitz's study ensure variability in experimental conditions?
How did the researchers in Glanzer and Cunitz's study ensure variability in experimental conditions?
Which outcome did not significantly improve the recall of words in Glanzer and Cunitz's study?
Which outcome did not significantly improve the recall of words in Glanzer and Cunitz's study?
What was the key weakness noted in Glanzer and Cunitz's study regarding sample demographics?
What was the key weakness noted in Glanzer and Cunitz's study regarding sample demographics?
What was one of the major conclusions drawn from the findings of the memory studies discussed?
What was one of the major conclusions drawn from the findings of the memory studies discussed?
Flashcards
Brewer and Treyens (1981)
Brewer and Treyens (1981)
A study showing how schemas influence memory encoding and retrieval.
Schema Theory
Schema Theory
Mental frameworks that organize our knowledge about the world.
Reconstructive Memory
Reconstructive Memory
Memory is not a perfect recording but a reconstruction based on existing knowledge and schemas.
Schema-Congruent
Schema-Congruent
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Schema-Incongruent
Schema-Incongruent
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Bartlett (1932)
Bartlett (1932)
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Memory Distortion
Memory Distortion
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Lab Experiment
Lab Experiment
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Bartlett's War of the Ghosts Study
Bartlett's War of the Ghosts Study
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Repeated Reproduction
Repeated Reproduction
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Serial Reproduction
Serial Reproduction
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Schema
Schema
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Glanzer and Cunitz Study
Glanzer and Cunitz Study
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Primacy Effect
Primacy Effect
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Recency Effect
Recency Effect
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Articulatory Suppression
Articulatory Suppression
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Phonological Loop
Phonological Loop
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Working Memory Model
Working Memory Model
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Central Executive
Central Executive
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Dual-Task Technique
Dual-Task Technique
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Digit Span Task
Digit Span Task
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Landry and Bartling (2011) Study
Landry and Bartling (2011) Study
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Baddley and Hitch (1976) Study
Baddley and Hitch (1976) Study
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Study Notes
Cognitive Approach Studies
- Brewer and Treyens (1981): Explored schema influence on memory encoding and retrieval. Participants who waited in an office recalled schema-consistent objects (e.g., typewriter) more accurately but also often misremembered schema-consistent items not present. Incongruent items (e.g., skull) were sometimes recalled, but often mislocated. Verbal recognition revealed a tendency to falsely identify schema-consistent items even if not present. This supports the idea of reconstructive memory, where existing schemas shape recall.
Cognitive Approach Studies
- Bartlett (1932): Investigated how schemas influence memory reconstruction. Participants recalled the unfamiliar story "The War of the Ghosts" and over time, the story shortened and altered to fit their cultural schemas. Details were simplified or replaced with culturally familiar ones. This demonstrated that memory is not a passive recording but an active reconstruction influenced by prior knowledge.
Cognitive Approach Studies
- Glanzer and Cunitz (1966): Examined the primacy and recency effects in free recall. Increased time between words in a list impacted recall of the last words on the list (recency). The study suggested that rehearsal and the phonological loop played a role in the primacy effect (better recall of the first few words).
Cognitive Approach Studies
- Landry and Bartling (2011): Demonstrated the impact of articulatory suppression on serial recall. Participants who engaged in articulatory suppression (repeating numbers) during a letter-recall task performed significantly worse than a control group that did not engage in the suppression task. This supports the working memory model and the role of the phonological loop in verbal short-term memory.
Cognitive Approach Studies
- Baddeley and Hitch (1976): Explored the interplay between different components of working memory using dual-task paradigm. Participants could perform a digit span task (phonological loop) and a verbal reasoning task (central executive) concurrently. Increased digit span task complexity led to slightly increased response time for the verbal reasoning task but no major increase in error, indicating distinct roles for the phonological loop and central executive in working memory.
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