Memory Problems and Types

Study Notes

Anterograde amnesia: Inability to form new memories after a specific event, but can recall memories from before the event.
Retrograde amnesia: Difficulty recalling memories from before a specific event but can form new memories after the event.
Memory Construction: The process of creating new memories.
Memory Reconstruction: The process of retrieving past memories.
Suggestibility: Being influenced by what others say, which can alter the recollection of past memories.
Misinformation Effect: Exposure to incorrect information can lead to the creation of false memories or the inability to recall accurate details from a past event.
Encoding Failure: Failing to pay attention initially, leading to inaccurate memory encoding based on assumptions.
Interference: New information hinders the retrieval of previously learned information.
- Proactive Interference: Old information makes it difficult to recall new information.
- Retroactive Interference: Learning new information leads to forgetting old information.
Seven Sins of Memory:
- Transience
- Absentmindedness
- Blocking
- Suggestibility
- Bias
- Misattribution
- Persistence

Chunking: Grouping items together to make them easier to remember.
Rehearsal: Deliberately converting information into conscious memory for easier retrieval.
Elaboration Rehearsal: Connecting new information to existing knowledge for improved memory retention.
Mnemonic Devices: Strategies for organizing information for encoding and storage in the brain.
- Acronyms: Abbreviations formed from the initial letters of words.
- Acrostics: Words formed using the first or last letters of a list of words.
- Jingles: Songs used to aid in remembering information
Expressive Writing: Improves short-term memory by processing information through writing.
Speaking Out Loud: Speaking information aloud enhances retention.
Retrieval Practice: Utilizing strategies like flashcards and quizzes to practice recalling information.
Self-Reference Effect: Connecting information to personal experiences for faster and better memory retention.
Implicit Memories: Stored in the Cerebrum.

Rodger-McDermott (DRM) Effect: Remembering lists of related words often leads to a false memory of another word closely associated with the set.
Recall: Retrieval of information without any cues.
General Intelligence: A measure of an individual's overall intellectual ability.
Classical Conditioning : The process of associating involuntary behaviors with unrelated stimuli.
Positive Punishment: A consequence added to decrease an unwanted behavior.
Fixed Ratio (Partial Reinforcement Schedule): Reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses.
Secondary Reinforcer: A stimulus with no inherent value, which gains reinforcing properties through association with a primary reinforcer. (e.g., money, grades, praise).

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