Memory Problems and Types

Memory Problems

• Anterograde amnesia: Inability to form new memories after a specific event, but can recall memories from before the event.
• Retrograde amnesia: Difficulty recalling memories from before a specific event but can form new memories after the event.
• Memory Construction: The process of creating new memories.
• Memory Reconstruction: The process of retrieving past memories.
• Suggestibility: Being influenced by what others say, which can alter the recollection of past memories.
• Misinformation Effect: Exposure to incorrect information can lead to the creation of false memories or the inability to recall accurate details from a past event.
• Encoding Failure: Failing to pay attention initially, leading to inaccurate memory encoding based on assumptions.
• Interference: New information hinders the retrieval of previously learned information.
  • Proactive Interference: Old information makes it difficult to recall new information.
  • Retroactive Interference: Learning new information leads to forgetting old information.
• Seven Sins of Memory:
  • Transience
  • Absentmindedness
  • Blocking
  • Suggestibility
  • Bias
  • Misattribution
  • Persistence

Memory Enhancement

• Chunking: Grouping items together to make them easier to remember.
• Rehearsal: Deliberately converting information into conscious memory for easier retrieval.
• Elaboration Rehearsal: Connecting new information to existing knowledge for improved memory retention.
• Mnemonic Devices: Strategies for organizing information for encoding and storage in the brain.
  • Acronyms: Abbreviations formed from the initial letters of words.
  • Acrostics: Words formed using the first or last letters of a list of words.
  • Jingles: Songs used to aid in remembering information
• Expressive Writing: Improves short-term memory by processing information through writing.
• Speaking Out Loud: Speaking information aloud enhances retention.
• Retrieval Practice: Utilizing strategies like flashcards and quizzes to practice recalling information.
• Self-Reference Effect: Connecting information to personal experiences for faster and better memory retention.
• Implicit Memories: Stored in the Cerebrum.

Exam Review

• Rodger-McDermott (DRM) Effect: Remembering lists of related words often leads to a false memory of another word closely associated with the set.
• Recall: Retrieval of information without any cues.
• General Intelligence: A measure of an individual's overall intellectual ability.
• Classical Conditioning : The process of associating involuntary behaviors with unrelated stimuli.
• Positive Punishment: A consequence added to decrease an unwanted behavior.
• Fixed Ratio (Partial Reinforcement Schedule): Reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses.
• Secondary Reinforcer: A stimulus with no inherent value, which gains reinforcing properties through association with a primary reinforcer. (e.g., money, grades, praise).

Explore the various types of memory problems, including anterograde and retrograde amnesia, as well as concepts like memory construction and reconstruction. This quiz also covers suggestibility and the misinformation effect, helping you understand the complexities of memory formation and retrieval.