Cognition: Perception and Attention
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Which of the following best describes sensation?

  • Receiving information from the environment and converting it into a neural message. (correct)
  • The readiness to perceive stimuli in a specific way.
  • Mental frameworks for organizing information.
  • Organizing and interpreting sensory information.

Bottom-up processing relies primarily on internal expectations.

False (B)

What is the role of schemas in top-down processing?

Schemas are mental frameworks that help organize and interpret sensory information.

Top-down processing is heavily influenced by our __________.

<p>schemas</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts to their definitions:

<p>Sensation = Receiving and converting environmental information Perception = Organizing and interpreting sensory data Bottom-up Processing = Analysis starting with sensory receptors Top-down Processing = Using internal factors to influence perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about attention is correct?

<p>Attention allows us to filter out millions of competing stimuli. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cultural experiences can influence our perceptions of stimuli.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor may affect the perception of a given stimulus due to immediate surroundings?

<p>Context</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the illusion of motion created by the rapid projection of slightly changing images called?

<p>Him Animation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Phi Phenomenon refers to the illusion of motion when images are projected rapidly.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Retinal Disparity' refer to?

<p>The difference in the images each eye receives when focusing on the same object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive the blocked object as ______.

<p>closer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is selective attention?

<p>Focusing on a single stimulus while ignoring others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cocktail party effect allows us to focus on multiple conversations at once.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is change blindness?

<p>A form of inattentional blindness where individuals do not notice a change in the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into objects that stand out from their surrounding is known as ______.

<p>figure-ground</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Gestalt principles with their descriptions:

<p>Similarity = Perceiving items that are alike as a unified group. Proximity = Grouping nearby objects. Closure = Completing incomplete figures. Figure-Ground = Distinguishing objects from background.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of depth cues involves both eyes?

<p>Binocular depth cues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inattentional blindness means we fail to see objects that are visible when our attention is focused elsewhere.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What allows us to judge distance despite only seeing two dimensions?

<p>Depth perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does retinal disparity allow the brain to calculate?

<p>Distance to an object (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Convergence depends on both eyes rotating inward to determine depth.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are binocular depth cues?

<p>Depth cues that rely on the use of two eyes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The perceptual constancy that describes the perception of familiar objects having consistent color is called _____ constancy.

<p>color</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following monocular depth cues with their definitions:

<p>Linear Perspective = Parallel lines appear to converge in the distance Interposition = One object blocks our view of another Relative Size = Perception based on size similarity and retinal image Texture Gradient = Textured surfaces appear smoother with distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a monocular depth cue?

<p>Convergence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apparent movement refers to actual movement of objects.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is size constancy?

<p>The tendency to perceive an object as the same size regardless of distance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sensation

Receiving information from the environment, converting it to a neural message, and sending it to the brain for interpretation.

Bottom-Up Processing

Analysis beginning with sensory receptors, building up to brain's integration of sensory information; relies on external sensory information.

Top-Down Processing

Perception influenced by internal factors like schemas and perceptual sets for organizing and understanding the world.

Perception

Organizing and interpreting sensory information.

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Schemas

Mental frameworks for organizing and understanding the world.

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Perceptual Set

Readiness to perceive something in a particular way; expectation for a stimulus, influenced by schemas.

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Attention

Interaction of sensation and perception, influenced by internal and external processes.

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Contextual Perception

External stimuli that lead to different perceptions due to the surrounding environment

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Selective Attention

Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, ignoring others.

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Cocktail Party Effect

A form of selective attention where you focus on one conversation amidst background noise, even noticing your name.

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Inattentional Blindness

Failing to notice visible objects when your attention is directed elsewhere.

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Change Blindness

A specific type of inattentional blindness where you don't notice changes in the environment after a brief interruption.

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Gestalt Principles

Principles explaining how we organize sensory information into meaningful wholes.

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Figure-Ground

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into objects (figure) that stand out from their surroundings (ground).

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Grouping (Similarity and Proximity)

The tendency to organize stimuli into groups based on their similarity (alike) and proximity (closeness).

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Closure

Filling in gaps to perceive a complete object.

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Retinal Disparity

The difference in images received by each eye due to their slight spatial separation. This difference helps us perceive depth by allowing the brain to calculate distance based on how different the images are.

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Convergence

The inward rotation of both eyes when focusing on a nearby object. The more the eyes converge (rotate inward), the closer the object is perceived to be.

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Linear Perspective

The phenomenon of parallel lines appearing to converge as they extend into the distance, creating a sense of depth.

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Interposition

When one object partially blocks another object from view, we perceive the blocked object as being farther away. This is also known as occlusion.

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Relative Size

If two objects are assumed to be the same size, the object that appears smaller on the retina is perceived as being farther away.

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Relative Clarity

Objects that appear sharper and clearer are perceived as closer, while hazy or blurry objects are perceived as farther away.

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Texture Gradient

The tendency for textured surfaces to appear smoother and finer as distance increases. This is due to the way light travels through the atmosphere.

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Color Constancy

The ability to perceive the color of an object as being consistent even when the lighting conditions change, altering the wavelengths of light reflected by the object.

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Stroboscopic Movement

The illusion of motion created by rapidly presenting a series of slightly different images. This is the basis of how animation works.

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Phi Phenomenon

The illusion of motion perceived when two stationary lights are flashed on and off in rapid succession. The brain interprets this as a single light moving.

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Study Notes

Cognition: Perception

  • Sensation: Receiving information from the environment through senses, converting it into neural messages (transduction).
  • Perception: Organizing and interpreting sensory information. Influenced by bottom-up (external sensory information) and top-down (internal expectations) processing.
  • Top-Down Processing: Relies on internal prior expectations, experiences, and motives to fill in gaps in sensory information.
    • Schemas: Mental frameworks used to organize and understand the world.
    • Perceptual Sets: Readiness to perceive something in a particular way, heavily influenced by schemas. External factors (context) also filter perceptions.
    • Cultural experiences: Contextual factors impact perceptions and how we interpret information.

Attention

  • Attention: Interaction of sensation and perception, internal and external processes compete for attention.
  • Selective Attention: Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, excluding others.
  • Cocktail Party Effect: Selective attention allows focusing on a single conversation amidst background noise or other conversations.

Gestalt Principles

  • Humans group stimuli into meaningful wholes (gestalts) instead of examining them as separate pieces.
  • Figure-Ground: Distinguishing between figure (object) and ground (background).
  • Grouping: Organizing stimuli into understandable groups based on:
    • Similarity: Grouping similar objects.
    • Proximity: Grouping nearby objects.
    • Closure: Filling in gaps to perceive a complete object. - Inattentional Blindness: Failing to see visible objects when attention is directed elsewhere.
    • Change Blindness: Failing to notice changes in the environment after a brief visual interruption or inattention.

Depth Perception

  • Binocular Cues: Depth cues that rely on both eyes.
    • Retinal Disparity: Difference in the images seen by each eye, allowing for judgment of distance.
    • Convergence: Inward turning of eyes to focus on nearby objects, providing distance information.
  • Monocular Cues: Depth cues that rely on one eye.
    • Linear Perspective: Parallel lines appear to converge in the distance.
    • Interposition: One object partially blocking another, suggesting the blocking object is closer.
    • Relative Size: Perceived size of an object in comparison to other objects to indicate which is closer.
    • Texture Gradient: Gradual smoothing of texture indicates greater distance.
    • Relative Clarity: Clearer objects are perceived as closer.
  • Depth perception allows us to judge distance and see objects in three dimensions.

Visual Perceptual Constancies

  • Color Constancy: Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color even under changing lighting conditions.
  • Size Constancy: Perceiving objects as having constant size despite changes in their retinal image size.
  • Shape Constancy: Interpreting object shape consistently, even when the object's orientation changes, creating a stable view of the object..
  • Light/Brightness Constancy: Perceiving objects as having constant brightness in varying lighting conditions.

Apparent Motion

  • Apparent Motion: The perception of movement when static images change rapidly.
    • Stroboscopic Movement: Rapid projection of slightly changing images creates the illusion of motion.
    • Phi Phenomenon: Illusion of motion when fixed lights are turned on and off in sequence.

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AP Psychology Cognition: Perception PDF

Description

Explore the intricate concepts of sensation, perception, and attention in this quiz. Learn how external sensory information is transformed into neural messages and how our internal expectations shape our understanding. Delve into the roles of schemas, perceptual sets, and cultural experiences in the perception process.

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