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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes sensation?
Which of the following best describes sensation?
Bottom-up processing relies primarily on internal expectations.
Bottom-up processing relies primarily on internal expectations.
False
What is the role of schemas in top-down processing?
What is the role of schemas in top-down processing?
Schemas are mental frameworks that help organize and interpret sensory information.
Top-down processing is heavily influenced by our __________.
Top-down processing is heavily influenced by our __________.
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Match the following concepts to their definitions:
Match the following concepts to their definitions:
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Which statement about attention is correct?
Which statement about attention is correct?
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Cultural experiences can influence our perceptions of stimuli.
Cultural experiences can influence our perceptions of stimuli.
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What factor may affect the perception of a given stimulus due to immediate surroundings?
What factor may affect the perception of a given stimulus due to immediate surroundings?
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What is the illusion of motion created by the rapid projection of slightly changing images called?
What is the illusion of motion created by the rapid projection of slightly changing images called?
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The Phi Phenomenon refers to the illusion of motion when images are projected rapidly.
The Phi Phenomenon refers to the illusion of motion when images are projected rapidly.
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What does the term 'Retinal Disparity' refer to?
What does the term 'Retinal Disparity' refer to?
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When one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive the blocked object as ______.
When one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive the blocked object as ______.
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What is selective attention?
What is selective attention?
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The cocktail party effect allows us to focus on multiple conversations at once.
The cocktail party effect allows us to focus on multiple conversations at once.
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What is change blindness?
What is change blindness?
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The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into objects that stand out from their surrounding is known as ______.
The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into objects that stand out from their surrounding is known as ______.
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Match the following Gestalt principles with their descriptions:
Match the following Gestalt principles with their descriptions:
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Which type of depth cues involves both eyes?
Which type of depth cues involves both eyes?
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Inattentional blindness means we fail to see objects that are visible when our attention is focused elsewhere.
Inattentional blindness means we fail to see objects that are visible when our attention is focused elsewhere.
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What allows us to judge distance despite only seeing two dimensions?
What allows us to judge distance despite only seeing two dimensions?
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What does retinal disparity allow the brain to calculate?
What does retinal disparity allow the brain to calculate?
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Convergence depends on both eyes rotating inward to determine depth.
Convergence depends on both eyes rotating inward to determine depth.
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What are binocular depth cues?
What are binocular depth cues?
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The perceptual constancy that describes the perception of familiar objects having consistent color is called _____ constancy.
The perceptual constancy that describes the perception of familiar objects having consistent color is called _____ constancy.
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Match the following monocular depth cues with their definitions:
Match the following monocular depth cues with their definitions:
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Which of the following is NOT a monocular depth cue?
Which of the following is NOT a monocular depth cue?
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Apparent movement refers to actual movement of objects.
Apparent movement refers to actual movement of objects.
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What is size constancy?
What is size constancy?
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Study Notes
Cognition: Perception
- Sensation: Receiving information from the environment through senses, converting it into neural messages (transduction).
- Perception: Organizing and interpreting sensory information. Influenced by bottom-up (external sensory information) and top-down (internal expectations) processing.
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Top-Down Processing: Relies on internal prior expectations, experiences, and motives to fill in gaps in sensory information.
- Schemas: Mental frameworks used to organize and understand the world.
- Perceptual Sets: Readiness to perceive something in a particular way, heavily influenced by schemas. External factors (context) also filter perceptions.
- Cultural experiences: Contextual factors impact perceptions and how we interpret information.
Attention
- Attention: Interaction of sensation and perception, internal and external processes compete for attention.
- Selective Attention: Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, excluding others.
- Cocktail Party Effect: Selective attention allows focusing on a single conversation amidst background noise or other conversations.
Gestalt Principles
- Humans group stimuli into meaningful wholes (gestalts) instead of examining them as separate pieces.
- Figure-Ground: Distinguishing between figure (object) and ground (background).
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Grouping: Organizing stimuli into understandable groups based on:
- Similarity: Grouping similar objects.
- Proximity: Grouping nearby objects.
- Closure: Filling in gaps to perceive a complete object. - Inattentional Blindness: Failing to see visible objects when attention is directed elsewhere.
- Change Blindness: Failing to notice changes in the environment after a brief visual interruption or inattention.
Depth Perception
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Binocular Cues: Depth cues that rely on both eyes.
- Retinal Disparity: Difference in the images seen by each eye, allowing for judgment of distance.
- Convergence: Inward turning of eyes to focus on nearby objects, providing distance information.
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Monocular Cues: Depth cues that rely on one eye.
- Linear Perspective: Parallel lines appear to converge in the distance.
- Interposition: One object partially blocking another, suggesting the blocking object is closer.
- Relative Size: Perceived size of an object in comparison to other objects to indicate which is closer.
- Texture Gradient: Gradual smoothing of texture indicates greater distance.
- Relative Clarity: Clearer objects are perceived as closer.
- Depth perception allows us to judge distance and see objects in three dimensions.
Visual Perceptual Constancies
- Color Constancy: Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color even under changing lighting conditions.
- Size Constancy: Perceiving objects as having constant size despite changes in their retinal image size.
- Shape Constancy: Interpreting object shape consistently, even when the object's orientation changes, creating a stable view of the object..
- Light/Brightness Constancy: Perceiving objects as having constant brightness in varying lighting conditions.
Apparent Motion
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Apparent Motion: The perception of movement when static images change rapidly.
- Stroboscopic Movement: Rapid projection of slightly changing images creates the illusion of motion.
- Phi Phenomenon: Illusion of motion when fixed lights are turned on and off in sequence.
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Description
Explore the intricate concepts of sensation, perception, and attention in this quiz. Learn how external sensory information is transformed into neural messages and how our internal expectations shape our understanding. Delve into the roles of schemas, perceptual sets, and cultural experiences in the perception process.
