Sensation and Perception Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of sensation?

Changes in the sensory system in response to the environment.

What is transduction?

Physical to nervous (electrochemical) energy.

Vision uses what to convert light?

Photoreceptors.

Audition uses what to convert sound?

<p>Vibration frequency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Somatosensory systems use what to convert touch?

<p>Mechanical pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is remote sensing?

<p>Don't have to be in contact with the stimulus to receive it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does A+O3 stand for?

<p>Alert and oriented x3; does the patient know person (their name), place (where they are), time (day)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Light enters the eye through the...? It is then focused on what?

<p>Cornea and lens. The photoreceptors at the back of the eye.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of photoreceptors?

<p>Rods and cones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are rods most sensitive to?

<p>Low levels of light (illumination).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are rods located?

<p>Retina, none in fovea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of rods and cones to ganglion cells?

<p>1 cone, many rods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pigment in rods?

<p>Rhodopsin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

____ sense the periphery of vision whereas ____ sense the center of vision.

<p>Rods, cones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

On most of the retina, light must pass through several layers of _____ cells to reach the photoreceptors. In the _____, these overlying cells are _______ _____ to allow light more direct access without as much scattering.

<p>translucent, fovea, shifted aside</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fovea?

<p>Centre, middle, back; most focused part of the eye (part of retina).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the pathway from rods and cones to the optic nerve.

<p>Rods and cones (back) (changes into AP) -&gt; bipolar cells -&gt; ganglion cells (axons connect to form optic nerve)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are there more rods or cones in the human eye?

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of ganglion cells?

<p>M cells (parasol) and P cells (midget) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do M cells project to?

<p>The magnocellular layers of LGN (bottom 2 layers)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do M cells detect?

<p>Motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship of M cells to rods?

<p>They are highly related to rods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do P cells code for?

<p>Color info.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ipsilateral eye projects to which layers of the 6 layers in the LGN?

<p>2, 3, 5 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The contralateral eye projects to which layers of the 6 layers in the LGN?

<p>1, 4, 6 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of LGN?

<p>Weeds out information before getting to the occipital lobe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the retinogeniculate pathway?

<p>Projection from retina to LGN.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are rapidly adapting receptors?

<p>They detect change and then adapt to the stimulation by returning to their baseline firing rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a receptive field?

<p>The part of the external world the receptor responds to.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sensitivity of the system is related to...

<p>How close together the receptors are.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is two-point sensitivity?

<p>Measures how close two stimuli can be placed and still identified as different.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when stimulating the centre region of an on-centre-off-surround cell?

<p>More APs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when stimulating the surrounding area of an on-centre-off-surround cell?

<p>Less APs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do simple cells respond to light?

<p>Respond to light in a specific location.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do complex cells detect?

<p>Shapes, colors, and movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary sensory area?

<p>Processes initial Information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do secondary (and higher) areas do?

<p>Perform more elaborate processing or focus on specific aspects of the stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the optic nerves from the two eyes combine?

<p>Optic chiasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is everything in retinotopic map of the PVC?

<p>Upside down, backwards, and inverted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

sensation

Changes in the sensory system in response to the environment.

perception

Interpretation of the changes (sensations).

transduction

Conversion of physical to nervous (electrochemical) energy.

photoreceptors

Cells that convert light in the eye.

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rods

Photoreceptors sensitive to low light levels.

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cones

Photoreceptors that perceive color and function in bright light.

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fovea

The center part of the retina, the most focused area.

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ganglion cells

Cells that connect rods and cones to the optic nerve.

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ipsilateral projection

Where the same side eye projects in LGN (layers 2, 3, 5).

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contralateral projection

Where the opposite side eye projects in LGN (layers 1, 4, 6).

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LGN function

Filters information before it reaches the occipital lobe.

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two-point sensitivity

Measures how close two stimuli can be identified as different.

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on center-off surround

Stimulating the center increases APs, surrounding decreases APs.

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off center-on surround

Stimulating the center decreases APs; the surrounding area increases APs.

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simple cells

Cells that detect basic patterns and respond to specific light locations.

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complex cells

Cells that detect shapes, colors, and movement.

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primary sensory area

Processes initial sensory information.

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secondary sensory areas

Perform more detailed processing on sensory aspects.

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optic chiasm

Where optic nerves from both eyes combine.

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retinogeniculate pathway

Projection pathway from retina to LGN.

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rapidly adapting receptors

Detect change and adjust to baseline firing rate quickly.

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slowly adapting receptors

Respond to stimuli for as long as it is present.

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receptive field

Specific external area a receptor responds to.

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sensitivity of the system

Related to how close together the receptors are.

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rod pigment

The pigment found in rods, known as rhodopsin.

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cone pigment

The pigment found in cones, known as opsin.

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Study Notes

Sensation and Perception

  • Sensation: Changes in the sensory system in response to the environment.
  • Perception: Interpretation of these sensory changes.
  • Transduction: Conversion of physical energy to nervous (electrochemical) energy.

Vision

  • Light enters the eye through the cornea and lens, focusing on photoreceptors at the back of the eye.
  • Photoreceptors: Convert light into neural signals.
  • Two types: Rods and cones.
    • Rods: Sensitive to low light levels, located outside the fovea (peripheral vision).
    • Cones: Sensitive to bright light, perceive color, located in the fovea (central vision).
  • Rods use rhodopsin; cones use opsin.
  • Rods are more numerous than cones.
  • Ganglion cells (M and P cells) receive input from bipolar cells, which receive inputs from rods and cones.
  • M cells (parasol): Motion detection; connected to rods.
  • P cells (midget): Color processing; connected to cones.
  • Ganglion cell axons form the optic nerve.

Audition and Somatosensation

  • Audition: Vibration frequency converts sound to neural signals.
  • Somatosensation: Mechanical pressure converts touch to neural signals.

Remote Sensing

  • Remote sensing: Receiving sensory information without physical contact with the stimulus.

Neurological Assessment

  • Alert and Oriented x3 (A+O x3): Patient knows person, place, and time.

Visual Pathway

  • Light passes through layers of translucent cells in the retina. These cells are shifted aside in the fovea for better light access.
  • The fovea is the central region of the retina with the highest density of cones.
  • Retinal neurons transmit information through bipolar to ganglion cells, and then onto optic nerve.
  • Optic nerve axons project to the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus.
  • Ipsilateral (same side) projects to layers 2, 3, and 5 of LGN, Contralateral (opposite side) projects to layers 1, 4, and 6 of LGN.

Receptor Adaptation

  • Rapidly adapting receptors: Detect changes and then adapt (return to baseline firing).
  • Slowly adapting receptors: Respond continuously as long as the stimulus is present.

Receptive Fields

  • Receptive field: Portion of the external world that a receptor responds to.
  • Sensitivity is related to receptor density.
  • Two-point sensitivity: How close two stimuli can be before they're perceived as one.

Receptive Field Organization (Center-Surround)

  • On-center, off-surround: More APs when the center is stimulated, less when the surround is stimulated.
  • Off-center, on-surround: Less APs when the center is stimulated, more when the surround is stimulated.

Cortical Processing

  • Simple cells: Detect basic patterns.
  • Complex cells: Detect shapes and movement.
  • Primary sensory areas: Process initial information.
  • Secondary (higher) areas: Perform more elaborate processing.

Optic Chiasm and Retinotopic Map

  • Optic nerves from both eyes combine at the optic chiasm.
  • The retinotopic map in the visual cortex is inverted, upside down, and reversed.

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Description

Test your knowledge on sensation and perception, including the processes of transduction and the functions of rods and cones in vision. Understand how sensory systems respond to environmental changes and how these signals are interpreted by the brain. This quiz will challenge your understanding of auditory and somatosensory systems as well.

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