Cognition: Memory Overview

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Questions and Answers

What type of memory is defined as relatively permanent and limitless?

  • Sensory memory
  • Long-term memory (correct)
  • Short-term memory
  • Working memory

Which of the following is an example of explicit memory?

  • Learning to ride a bike
  • Recalling the date of a historical event (correct)
  • Recognizing a familiar face
  • Singing a song learned in childhood

What is the term for the sensory memory of visual stimuli?

  • Flashbulb memory
  • Echoic memory
  • Iconic memory (correct)
  • Procedural memory

Which memory type deals with skills and learned associations that are often performed unconsciously?

<p>Procedural memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An example of episodic memory is:

<p>Recalling your first day at school (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques is considered a mnemonic device?

<p>Chunking information into groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory requires conscious thought for retrieval?

<p>Explicit memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does echoic memory specifically concern?

<p>Auditory stimuli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forms the basis of semantic memory?

<p>General knowledge and facts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many of the Seven Dwarfs can be named requires which type of memory?

<p>Explicit memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'mood congruence' refer to in memory recall?

<p>The tendency to recall experiences that match one's current emotional state. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve?

<p>A rapid decline in memory retention that levels off after a certain point. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of proactive interference?

<p>Recalling your old phone number instead of your new one. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by an inability to form new memories following an incident?

<p>Anterograde amnesia. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive phenomenon explains the tendency to best remember items at the end of a list?

<p>Recency effect. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'flashbulb memory' refer to?

<p>A detailed memory of an emotionally significant event. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory loss involves forgetting past events but being able to form new memories?

<p>Retrograde amnesia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'false memory'?

<p>A completely fabricated recollection of an event that never occurred. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the process of activating particular associations in memory unconsciously?

<p>Priming. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does shallow processing differ from deeper processing in memory retention?

<p>Shallow processing is superficial and focuses on features, whereas deeper processing involves semantic understanding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory specifically deals with retained facts and general knowledge?

<p>Semantic memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mnemonic devices?

<p>To aid in the retention and recall of information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which memory type is the retrieval of learned skills and associations primarily involved?

<p>Procedural memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of memory refers to the retention of information that is retrieved unconsciously?

<p>Implicit memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is illustrated by the concept of iconic memory?

<p>Memory of visual stimuli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes episodic memory from semantic memory?

<p>Episodic memory is related to personal experiences, while semantic refers to facts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory lasts only a few seconds and is reliant on immediate sensory perception?

<p>Sensory memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of memory is often involved when recalling your first day of school?

<p>Episodic memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect characterizes the difference between long-term memory and short-term memory?

<p>Long-term memory has unlimited capacity, while short-term is limited (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes the tendency to remember the end of a list more effectively?

<p>Recency effect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of amnesia involves an inability to recall memories from the past?

<p>Retrograde amnesia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of memory, what does proactive interference refer to?

<p>Difficulty remembering past events due to new learning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is characterized by vivid recollections of emotionally significant events?

<p>Flashbulb memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon describes the tendency to recall experiences that match one's current emotional state?

<p>Mood congruence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which effect occurs when one recalls the first items in a sequence more accurately than those in the middle?

<p>Primacy effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'false memory' refer to?

<p>A memory that is fabricated or distorted (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ebbinghaus is known for his research on which aspect of memory?

<p>The timeline of forgetting information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called that activates particular associations in memory without conscious awareness?

<p>Priming (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the memory loss that occurs as a result of an injury or illness?

<p>Amnesia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon describes the tendency to remember information presented at the end of a list more effectively than information presented in the middle?

<p>Recency effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does mood congruence refer to in the context of memory recall?

<p>The tendency to remember experiences that match one's emotional state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of amnesia involves the loss of the ability to form new memories after an incident?

<p>Anterograde amnesia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'false memory' imply in psychological terms?

<p>An apparent recollection of an event that did not occur (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which interference type is described as disrupting the retrieval of new information due to old memories?

<p>Proactive interference (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ebbinghaus's research contributed to understanding what aspect of memory?

<p>The curve of forgetting over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called that activates particular associations in memory without conscious awareness?

<p>Priming (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to describe the tendency to recall experiences that are congruent with one's current emotional state?

<p>Mood congruence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by the tendency to recall the first items in a sequence more accurately than those in the middle?

<p>Primacy effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a flashbulb memory?

<p>A vivid, enduring memory of emotional events (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory involves recalling information that is not currently in your consciousness?

<p>Recall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following memory types is primarily focused on previously experienced events?

<p>Episodic memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of iconic memory?

<p>Short-lived retention of visual stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which memory aid utilizes the association of information with acronyms or phrases?

<p>Mnemonics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is least likely to be consciously retrieved?

<p>Implicit memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example best illustrates procedural memory?

<p>Tying shoelaces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of memory is characterized by its ephemeral retention of sensory information?

<p>Sensory memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes semantic memory from episodic memory?

<p>Semantic memory retains factual knowledge and concepts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory primarily involves the retention of skills and habits?

<p>Procedural memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon would most likely influence memory recall based on emotional states?

<p>State-dependent memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Memory

The persistent encoding and storage of information.

Recall

Retrieving information not currently in your conscious mind.

Sensory Memory

Briefly holds sensory input (sights, sounds, etc).

Iconic Memory

Sensory memory of visual stimuli.

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Echoic Memory

Sensory memory of auditory stimuli.

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Explicit Memory

Consciously remembering facts and experiences.

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Implicit Memory

Unconsciously remembering learned skills or associations.

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Semantic Memory

Storing general knowledge.

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Episodic Memory

Storing personal experiences.

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Procedural Memory

Remembering how to do things.

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Mnemonics

Memory aids.

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Short Term Memory

Temporarily holding and processing information.

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Long Term Memory

Storing information relatively permanently.

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PEMDAS

Order of operations in math (Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, Addition and Subtraction)

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Chunking

Grouping information into smaller, manageable units to improve memory

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Flashbulb Memory

A vivid, enduring memory of an important or emotional event

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Mood Congruence

Recalling experiences consistent with your current mood

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Priming

Activation of related memories by a specific stimulus

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Serial Position Effect

Better recall of items at the beginning and end of a list

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Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

The rate at which information is forgotten over time

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Amnesia

Memory loss

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Proactive Interference

Old information interferes with remembering new information

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False Memory

Recalling an event that didn't happen

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Memory

Storing and remembering information over time.

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Recall

Remembering something from your past.

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Sensory Memory

Briefly holding sensory input (sights, sounds, etc).

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Iconic Memory

Brief visual memory.

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Echoic Memory

Brief auditory memory.

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Explicit Memory

Consciously remembering facts and experiences.

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Implicit Memory

Unconsciously remembering skills and experiences.

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Semantic Memory

Storing general knowledge.

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Episodic Memory

Storing personal experiences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Procedural Memory

Remembering how to do things.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mnemonics

Memory aids.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Short-Term Memory

Temporarily holding and processing information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Long-Term Memory

Storing information relatively permanently.

Signup and view all the flashcards

PEMDAS

Order of operations in math (Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, Addition and Subtraction)

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chunking

Grouping information into smaller, manageable units to improve memory

Signup and view all the flashcards

Flashbulb Memory

A vivid, enduring memory of an important or emotional event

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mood Congruence

Recalling experiences consistent with your current mood

Signup and view all the flashcards

Priming

Activation of related memories by a specific stimulus

Signup and view all the flashcards

Serial Position Effect

Better recall of items at the beginning and end of a list

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

The rate at which information is forgotten over time

Signup and view all the flashcards

Amnesia

Memory loss

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Proactive Interference

Old information interferes with remembering new information

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False Memory

Recalling an event that didn't happen

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Memory

The process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information.

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Recall

Retrieving information from memory without cues.

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Sensory Memory

Briefly holding sensory input (sights, sounds, etc.).

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Iconic Memory

Sensory memory for visual information.

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Echoic Memory

Sensory memory for auditory information.

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Explicit Memory

Consciously recalling facts and experiences.

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Implicit Memory

Unconsciously recalling skills and learned experiences.

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Semantic Memory

Storing general knowledge and facts.

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Episodic Memory

Storing personal experiences and events.

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Procedural Memory

Remembering how to do things.

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Mnemonics

Memory aids (acronyms, rhymes, etc.).

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Short-Term Memory

Temporarily holding and processing information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Long-Term Memory

Storing information relatively permanently.

Signup and view all the flashcards

PEMDAS

Order of operations in math (Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, Addition and Subtraction).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chunking

Grouping information into smaller, manageable units to improve memory.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Flashbulb Memory

A vivid, enduring memory of an important or emotional event.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mood Congruence

Recalling experiences consistent with your current mood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Priming

Activation of related memories by a specific stimulus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Serial Position Effect

Better recall of items at the beginning and end of a list.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

The rate at which information is forgotten over time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Amnesia

Memory loss.

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Proactive Interference

Old information interferes with remembering new information.

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False Memory

Recalling an event that didn't happen.

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Study Notes

Cognition: Memory

  • Memory is the persistent encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
  • Memory is measured by:
    • Recall: Retrieving information not currently in conscious awareness.
    • Recognition: Identifying previously encountered information.

Memory Types

  • Sensory Memory:
    • Iconic Memory: Visual sensory memory.
    • Echoic Memory: Auditory sensory memory.
  • Short-Term Memory: Limited capacity, temporary storage.
  • Long-Term Memory: Relatively permanent, limitless capacity.
    • Explicit Memory: Consciously retrieved facts and experiences.
      • Semantic Memory: Facts and general knowledge (e.g., historical dates, phone numbers).
      • Episodic Memory: Experienced events (e.g., first day of school).
    • Implicit Memory: Unconsciously retrieved learned skills or associations.
    • Procedural Memory: Retrieving learned skills (e.g., playing a musical instrument, tying your shoelaces).

Enhancing Memory

  • Mnemonics: Memory aids (e.g., acronyms, chunking, rhymes).
    • Examples: ROY G BIV, NFL, PEMDAS
  • Chunking: Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.
    • Example: 5617650987 → 561-765-0987
  • Spacing Effect: Study sessions spread out over time are more effective than cramming.
  • Testing Effect: Self-testing improves memory.
    • Deeper understanding than simply re-reading material.
  • Shallow Processing: Memorization based on superficial features.
  • Flashbulb Memory: Vivid, enduring memory associated with significant and emotional events. Often includes details of the individual's location, actions, and emotional state during the event.
  • Mood Congruence: The tendency to recall experiences consistent with one's current emotional state.
  • Priming: Activation of specific associations in memory, often unconsciously.
  • Serial Position Effect:
    • Recency Effect: Better memory of items at the end of a list.
    • Primacy Effect: Better memory of items at the beginning of a list.

Forgetting and Memory Loss

  • Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve: Forgetting of information decreases over time.
  • Amnesia: Memory loss.
    • Anterograde Amnesia: Inability to form new memories.
    • Retrograde Amnesia: Inability to retrieve old memories.
  • Interference: Inability to recall memories due to competing information.
    • Proactive Interference: Forward-acting interference, old information interferes with new.
    • Retroactive Interference: Backward-acting interference, new information interferes with old.
  • False Memories: Apparent recollection of events that did not occur.

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