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Which language theory aligns with McGrath's views on language development as a result of both innate predisposition and a supportive environment?
Which language theory aligns with McGrath's views on language development as a result of both innate predisposition and a supportive environment?
What does the linguistic relativity hypothesis predict about people's ability to think in relation to language?
What does the linguistic relativity hypothesis predict about people's ability to think in relation to language?
What concept do bilingual individuals tend to score higher in compared to monolingual individuals?
What concept do bilingual individuals tend to score higher in compared to monolingual individuals?
Which factor is associated with bilingual individuals in the context of cognitive tasks?
Which factor is associated with bilingual individuals in the context of cognitive tasks?
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What does Garret's ability to distinguish colors he cannot name suggest about the relationship between language and thought?
What does Garret's ability to distinguish colors he cannot name suggest about the relationship between language and thought?
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What was a significant reason for the discontinuation of studies aimed at teaching chimpanzees to speak?
What was a significant reason for the discontinuation of studies aimed at teaching chimpanzees to speak?
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What implication does finding a culture with many words for rice have on the linguistic relativity hypothesis?
What implication does finding a culture with many words for rice have on the linguistic relativity hypothesis?
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What have studies indicated about the ability of chimpanzees and bonobos to learn nonverbal language?
What have studies indicated about the ability of chimpanzees and bonobos to learn nonverbal language?
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In Greeno's problem types, which of the following requires a problem solver to discover the relations among the parts?
In Greeno's problem types, which of the following requires a problem solver to discover the relations among the parts?
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In Dr. Phranal’s study, what outcome is expected regarding bilingual participants' scores in cognitive flexibility?
In Dr. Phranal’s study, what outcome is expected regarding bilingual participants' scores in cognitive flexibility?
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Which category does series-completion problems belong to in Greeno's classification of problem types?
Which category does series-completion problems belong to in Greeno's classification of problem types?
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What type of understanding does Kanzi demonstrate by differentiating commands regarding pouring drinks?
What type of understanding does Kanzi demonstrate by differentiating commands regarding pouring drinks?
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What type of problem is exemplified by the analogy 'Glove is to hand as sock is to _____'?
What type of problem is exemplified by the analogy 'Glove is to hand as sock is to _____'?
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What does the interactionist theory imply about language development?
What does the interactionist theory imply about language development?
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What theory do Pinker and Bloom propose regarding language?
What theory do Pinker and Bloom propose regarding language?
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How do bilingual individuals generally perform in selective attention compared to monolinguals?
How do bilingual individuals generally perform in selective attention compared to monolinguals?
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What type of problem is defined by the requirement to reorganize letters to form a meaningful word?
What type of problem is defined by the requirement to reorganize letters to form a meaningful word?
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Which problem-solving strategy is exemplified by someone who enjoys solving anagrams?
Which problem-solving strategy is exemplified by someone who enjoys solving anagrams?
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What is the term for the sudden realization of a solution after previous incorrect attempts?
What is the term for the sudden realization of a solution after previous incorrect attempts?
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What is the correct classification for the Tower of Hanoi puzzle?
What is the correct classification for the Tower of Hanoi puzzle?
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Which statement correctly describes the approach to solving numerical problems?
Which statement correctly describes the approach to solving numerical problems?
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Functional fixedness could be best described as:
Functional fixedness could be best described as:
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Which of these represents a misconception about insight when solving problems?
Which of these represents a misconception about insight when solving problems?
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When organizing disks in the Tower of Hanoi, what type of thinking is primarily required?
When organizing disks in the Tower of Hanoi, what type of thinking is primarily required?
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What is one of the primary functions of language according to the theory presented?
What is one of the primary functions of language according to the theory presented?
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Which of the following options is NOT considered an evolutionary advantage of language?
Which of the following options is NOT considered an evolutionary advantage of language?
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How many generations would it take for Neanderthals to become extinct due to a 1 percent difference in mortality rates caused by language acquisition?
How many generations would it take for Neanderthals to become extinct due to a 1 percent difference in mortality rates caused by language acquisition?
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If the acquisition of language resulted in 1 percent more offspring per generation, how long would it take to see a prevalence increase from 0.1 percent to 99.9 percent?
If the acquisition of language resulted in 1 percent more offspring per generation, how long would it take to see a prevalence increase from 0.1 percent to 99.9 percent?
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According to Skinner, children learn language primarily through which process?
According to Skinner, children learn language primarily through which process?
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Why does a child's pronunciation improve over time according to learning theory?
Why does a child's pronunciation improve over time according to learning theory?
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Which theorist would most likely agree with Dr. Prasad's belief about reinforcement determining language mastery?
Which theorist would most likely agree with Dr. Prasad's belief about reinforcement determining language mastery?
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What is a common criticism directed at the behaviorist model of language acquisition?
What is a common criticism directed at the behaviorist model of language acquisition?
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What does Roberto's use of 'red' for every car illustrate?
What does Roberto's use of 'red' for every car illustrate?
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What does the frequent occurrence of overextensions in children's language imply?
What does the frequent occurrence of overextensions in children's language imply?
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When a child mistakenly uses a word for a smaller group than it is intended for, what is this called?
When a child mistakenly uses a word for a smaller group than it is intended for, what is this called?
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Which behavior illustrates underextension by a 3-year-old?
Which behavior illustrates underextension by a 3-year-old?
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What does Annie's phrase 'No eat. No like.' demonstrate?
What does Annie's phrase 'No eat. No like.' demonstrate?
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What does Owen's remark 'Baby throw. Baby bad.' illustrate?
What does Owen's remark 'Baby throw. Baby bad.' illustrate?
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What is true about the emergence of telegraphic speech across cultures?
What is true about the emergence of telegraphic speech across cultures?
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What error occurs when a child uses the word 'cat' exclusively for her pet but not for other cats?
What error occurs when a child uses the word 'cat' exclusively for her pet but not for other cats?
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What do infants' first words typically resemble?
What do infants' first words typically resemble?
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What would you find if you compared adult speech to the noises made by infants under six months of age?
What would you find if you compared adult speech to the noises made by infants under six months of age?
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What should be true about the babbling of 12-month-old infants from different racial/ethnic backgrounds?
What should be true about the babbling of 12-month-old infants from different racial/ethnic backgrounds?
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What did the study about babbling in the manual mode suggest?
What did the study about babbling in the manual mode suggest?
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If infants learning sign language show manual babbling, what does it imply?
If infants learning sign language show manual babbling, what does it imply?
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At what age do children generally start to speak their first words?
At what age do children generally start to speak their first words?
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Which situation might indicate a language development problem in a child?
Which situation might indicate a language development problem in a child?
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What is a common characteristic of babbling in infants?
What is a common characteristic of babbling in infants?
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Study Notes
Cognition
- Cognition refers to mental processes involved in acquiring and using knowledge.
Cognitive Revolution
- The "cognitive revolution" in the 1950s was spurred by dissatisfaction with the limitations of behaviorism and a renewed interest in introspection.
Language Characteristics
- Language is characterized by being symbolic, generative (infinite variety of messages), rule-governed, and structured (organized rules governing word arrangement).
Language Functions
- Language is symbolic, representing ideas, things, and actions.
- Language is generative, enabling the creation of new messages combining symbols.
- Language is rule-governed, following grammatical structures to create meaningful sentences.
- Language is structured, using rules to arrange words into meaningful phrases and sentences.
Phonemes and Morphemes
- Phonemes are the smallest units of sound in a language.
- Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language.
- The number of phonemes can vary between languages and within a language (different pronunciations).
- A change in the number of morphemes often accompanies a change in the meaning of a word (e.g., "boat" has more than one morpheme than "oat").
Language Development
- Children's language development follows distinct stages and patterns.
- Language acquisition is influenced by both nature (innate predisposition) and nurture (environmental factors).
- Children acquire language through a combination of interactions, imitation, and reinforcement.
- Early language development often involves basic word combinations (telegraphic speech).
- A significant aspect of language development is the process of overgeneralizing grammatical rules, leading to forms like "goed" or "runned".
Language and Thought
- Linguistic relativity (Sapir-Whorf hypothesis): Language can shape thought processes and perspectives. The structure of a language can influence the ways individuals conceptualize and interact with the world.
Problem Solving
- When encountering a problem, individuals may use different strategies like trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, or mental sets.
- Functional fixedness is the tendency to perceive objects or tools only in their customary way, hindering problem-solving efforts.
- Incubation effect: Taking a break from a problem can sometimes lead to the emergence of novel ideas and solutions.
- A heuristic is a general strategy or rule of thumb used to solve problems efficiently. Algorithms are a set of specific steps guaranteed to lead to a solution if followed correctly.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts related to cognition and language, including the cognitive revolution and the characteristics of language. Learn about the fundamental components of language such as phonemes and morphemes, and how they contribute to communication. This quiz provides a comprehensive understanding of mental processes and language functions.
