ch 9 language and thought

Mental action of acquiring knowledge through thought, experience, and the senses; independent abilities.

A system for communicating with others using signals combined according to rules of grammar that convey meaning.

A set of rules that specify how units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages.

<p>Complexity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The smallest unit of sound recognizable as speech, differing in production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How phonemes can be combined to produce speech sounds, learned without instruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Things and events; examples include cat, dog, take.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expression of abstract ideas; grammatical function (and, but), indicate time (when), or added to content morphemes (prefix or suffix) like -s for plural.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How words can be combined to form phrases and sentences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infants at birth distinguish between all human language sounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cooing involves simple vowel sounds like 'ah-ah', crying, and laughing. Babbling, occurring between 4-6 months, combines vowels and consonants, resembling syllables with no meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children map a word onto a concept after only one exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Short sentences devoid of function morphemes, mostly consisting of content words, typically used around 24 months of age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Between 2-3 years old, children use correct past-tense verbs (e.g., 'I ran'). Between 4-5 years old, they may use incorrect forms (e.g., 'I runned'), likely an overregularization of grammatical rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overusing a grammatical rule, leading to errors like adding '-ed' for past tense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>According to B.F. Skinner, we learn to talk through reinforcement, shaping, extinction, and other principles of operant conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Noam Chomsky proposed that language development is an innate biological capacity, equipped with a universal grammar (a collection of processes that facilitate language learning).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This theory combines the innate ability to acquire language with the importance of social interactions in shaping language development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having normal intelligence, likely caused by a single gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Broca's area (left frontal cortex) is responsible for language production, while Wernicke's area (left temporal cortex) handles language comprehension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It processes meaning and is activated during language tasks. It can also contribute to language recovery after left hemisphere damage in children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Later onset of Alzheimer's disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apes have limited vocal tracts and struggle to produce human sounds. They show a critical period for language learning, progressing from passive to active mastery. However, they have limited vocabulary, conceptual understanding, and grammar abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that language shapes the nature of thought. While evidence suggests that language can influence colour processing and possibly thought, it doesn't support the claim that language <em>determines</em> how we think and perceive the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The degree of consensus in describing a stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A concept is a mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events, or stimuli. Concepts are fundamental to thought because they allow the brain to organize information into categories based on similarities, facilitating understanding and reasoning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A necessary condition is something that <strong>must</strong> be true of an object for it to belong to a category. A sufficient condition, if true, proves that an object belongs to the category.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prototype theory states that category inclusion is based on the 'best' or 'most typical' member of a category. A prototype has many, if not all, of the most characteristic features of a category.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Category judgments are made by comparing new instances to memories of other instances of a category.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prototype theory suggests that a new stimulus is compared to a single prototype, while exemplar theory proposes that it's compared to multiple stored exemplars within a category.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rational choice theory suggests that decisions are made by calculating how likely an outcome is to happen and then multiplying that likelihood by the judged value of the outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Category-specific deficits refer to the inability to recognize objects within a particular category. Damage to different brain regions can lead to difficulties recognizing specific types of objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>We may deviate from rational decision-making due to factors like prospect theory, which suggests people are more willing to take risks to avoid losses than to achieve gains, and the certainty effect, where we favor sure outcomes over uncertain ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prospect theory suggests that people simplify available information and choose the option that seems to offer the best value. It also emphasizes the role of a reference point for comparison.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of times something will happen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Items more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heuristics are fast and efficient strategies that may facilitate decision-making but don't guarantee a solution. Algorithms are well-defined procedures that guarantee a solution to a problem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The belief that two events occurring together are more likely than either event occurring alone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event to a prototype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is framed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People make decisions about current situations based on what they have previously invested in the situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The belief that, compared to others, we are more likely to experience positive events in the future.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less activity in the prefrontal cortex is related to riskier decision-making. Damage to the prefrontal lobe can result in insensitivity to the future consequences of behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An ill-defined problem lacks a clear goal or well-defined paths to a solution. A well-defined problem has clearly specified goals and clearly defined solution paths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Means-end analysis involves searching for the means or steps to reduce differences between the current situation and the desired goal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analogical problem-solving involves solving a problem by finding a similar problem with a known solution and applying that solution to the current problem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Logic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Algorithms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0-4 months: can tell differences between all human speech sounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Means-end analysis focuses on identifying and reducing differences between the current state and the desired goal, while analogical problem-solving utilizes previous experiences or similar situations to solve a current problem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insight often involves an unconscious activation of relevant memories, and insight occurs when the activation of sufficient information crosses a threshold of awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Functional fixedness, a tendency to perceive objects as having unchanging functions, can limit creative problem-solving. However, 'life hacks' may help push past functional fixedness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reasoning involves organizing information or beliefs into a series of steps to reach conclusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A system of rules that specifies which conclusions follow from a set of statements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A true statement doesn't guarantee a valid argument. An argument is only valid if the conclusion logically follows from the premises.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Belief bias occurs when people's judgments about accepting a conclusion are influenced more by how believable the conclusion is rather than by the logical validity of the arguments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repeated exposure to a statement increases the likelihood that people will judge it as true.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Truth refers to the accuracy of a statement, while validity refers to the logical soundness of an argument. Belief biases and illusions of truth can influence judgments about the truth and validity of statements, as our beliefs and repeated exposure can affect our perception of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers