Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the definition of cognition?
What is the definition of cognition?
Bottom-up processes rely on prior knowledge and experiences.
Bottom-up processes rely on prior knowledge and experiences.
False
What type of attention process is characterized by applying experience to interpret perceived items?
What type of attention process is characterized by applying experience to interpret perceived items?
Top-down process
The __________ process involves individual sensory elements combining to create larger items.
The __________ process involves individual sensory elements combining to create larger items.
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Which of the following is an example of a bottom-up process?
Which of the following is an example of a bottom-up process?
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Match the following types of attention processes with their brief descriptions:
Match the following types of attention processes with their brief descriptions:
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Pre-attentive processes allow us to focus immediately on stimuli that stand out.
Pre-attentive processes allow us to focus immediately on stimuli that stand out.
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What term is used for the visual information that stands out immediately?
What term is used for the visual information that stands out immediately?
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What process is required to identify the odd one out among similar items?
What process is required to identify the odd one out among similar items?
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Categorizing things does not help in making our thinking more efficient.
Categorizing things does not help in making our thinking more efficient.
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What term describes a familiar or typical example of a category?
What term describes a familiar or typical example of a category?
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The process by which the activation of one concept primes related concepts is known as ______.
The process by which the activation of one concept primes related concepts is known as ______.
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Match the following examples with their category type:
Match the following examples with their category type:
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Which of the following is an example of a disadvantage of categorizing?
Which of the following is an example of a disadvantage of categorizing?
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Prototypes can vary greatly depending on individual experiences.
Prototypes can vary greatly depending on individual experiences.
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Provide an example of a borderline case for the category 'vehicle'.
Provide an example of a borderline case for the category 'vehicle'.
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What does priming influence in an individual's behavior?
What does priming influence in an individual's behavior?
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System 1 thinking requires more attention than System 2 thinking.
System 1 thinking requires more attention than System 2 thinking.
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What is an example of an activity that relies on System 2 thinking?
What is an example of an activity that relies on System 2 thinking?
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When exposed to a stimulus, other related concepts are also ______.
When exposed to a stimulus, other related concepts are also ______.
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Match the types of thinking to their characteristics:
Match the types of thinking to their characteristics:
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In what context might you find it easier to recognize your professor?
In what context might you find it easier to recognize your professor?
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The overall context of preceding sentences does not aid in understanding unfamiliar words.
The overall context of preceding sentences does not aid in understanding unfamiliar words.
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What is the role of working memory in System 2 thinking?
What is the role of working memory in System 2 thinking?
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What behavior exemplifies the sunk cost effect?
What behavior exemplifies the sunk cost effect?
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Experts in a field can apply algorithms and recognize heuristics without years of practice.
Experts in a field can apply algorithms and recognize heuristics without years of practice.
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What distinguishes near transfer from far transfer?
What distinguishes near transfer from far transfer?
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Only human language possesses the property of ________.
Only human language possesses the property of ________.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Which of the following is an example of far transfer?
Which of the following is an example of far transfer?
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Experts only recognize useless patterns that do not improve their problem-solving skills.
Experts only recognize useless patterns that do not improve their problem-solving skills.
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Why might someone stay in an unsatisfactory relationship?
Why might someone stay in an unsatisfactory relationship?
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Which area of the brain is primarily associated with language comprehension?
Which area of the brain is primarily associated with language comprehension?
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Children typically learn to speak their first recognizable words at around 6 months of age.
Children typically learn to speak their first recognizable words at around 6 months of age.
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What term describes the phase when infants make random vocalizations?
What term describes the phase when infants make random vocalizations?
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At 1.5 years, children start producing ______ phrases of 2 or more words.
At 1.5 years, children start producing ______ phrases of 2 or more words.
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Match the age with the typical language abilities:
Match the age with the typical language abilities:
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What happens in the brain when hearing a highly emotional story?
What happens in the brain when hearing a highly emotional story?
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Bilingual children may have trouble keeping the two languages separate but can gain increased attention control.
Bilingual children may have trouble keeping the two languages separate but can gain increased attention control.
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What is the typical vocabulary size of a child at 3 years of age?
What is the typical vocabulary size of a child at 3 years of age?
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What is one advantage of being bilingual?
What is one advantage of being bilingual?
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Bilingual individuals often face fewer language mastery challenges compared to monolinguals.
Bilingual individuals often face fewer language mastery challenges compared to monolinguals.
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In the sentence 'I’m going to buy a pet hamster at the store, if it’s healthy,' what does 'it' refer to?
In the sentence 'I’m going to buy a pet hamster at the store, if it’s healthy,' what does 'it' refer to?
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Bilingual people learn to control their __________ more effectively.
Bilingual people learn to control their __________ more effectively.
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Which of the following statements about bilingualism is a misconception?
Which of the following statements about bilingualism is a misconception?
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Match the terms with their meanings:
Match the terms with their meanings:
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The ability to understand sentences often relies on prior knowledge and shared assumptions with the speaker.
The ability to understand sentences often relies on prior knowledge and shared assumptions with the speaker.
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What is one disadvantage of bilingualism mentioned in the content?
What is one disadvantage of bilingualism mentioned in the content?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Cognition & Language
- Cognitive psychology examines how people think and what they know.
- Cognition is defined as thinking and using knowledge.
- Cognitive psychologists also study how people organize their thoughts into language.
- Cognition begins with attending to and categorizing stimuli.
- Since the 1970s, psychologists have developed methods to infer cognitive processes, often measuring response speed and accuracy.
Attention
- Attention is the tendency to respond to and remember some stimuli more than others.
- Two types of attention processes exist:
- Bottom-up processes: Perceptual activity combines sensory elements to perceive larger stimuli. Information retrieval and sensory input build perceptions from the external environment. Stimuli automatically grab our attention.
- Top-down processes: Applying experience and expectations to interpret perceived items. Incoming information is based on prior knowledge, experiences, and expectations.
Categorizing
- Cognition enables categorization, which improves thinking efficiency.
- Examples include categorizing items like vegetables, fruits, and sports.
- Categorization helps us predict characteristics of similar items.
- However, relying on categories can create biases.
Ways to Describe Categories
- Many concepts are difficult to precisely define or categorize.
- The boundaries between categories can be fuzzy.
- Categories can be described by prototypes (familiar examples).
- Prototypes serve as a benchmark for comparing other items.
- Items matching the prototype are considered members of the category. Items that don't are considered non-members or may be seen as borderline cases.
Conceptual Networks & Priming
- Spreading activation is a process where activating one concept activates related concepts.
- This is illustrated by priming, when exposure to a stimulus subconsciously influences later behavior.
- Priming is helpful for understanding and recognizing related words.
Two Types of Thinking & Problem Solving
- The human mind processes information using two systems.
- System 1 (Type 1): Rapid, automatic processing for recognizing familiar faces and routine actions. Quick thinking—requires less effort.
- System 2 (Type 2): Slower, more effortful processing for mathematical calculations, evaluating evidence or complex tasks. Deeper thinking—requires more effort.
Maximizing & Satisficing
- Maximizing: A strategy that thoroughly considers many choices to find the best one.
- Individuals using this strategy may not be satisfied with their chosen option.
- Satisficing: A strategy that involves searching until a satisfactory option is found.
- Individuals use this when many choices are available to choose from quickly.
Confirmation Bias
- Confirmation bias is the tendency to favor information confirming a pre-existing belief.
- People tend to listen more to those who agree with them, and to discredit those who disagree.
Framing Questions
- The framing effect is the tendency to change answers depending on how a question is worded.
- The way a question is stated influences how people perceive and respond.
The Sunk Cost Effect
- The sunk cost effect is the tendency to continue doing something because of previous investments, even if it is not worthwhile.
Expertise
- Expertise develops through years of practice, leading to quick problem-solving with minimal errors.
- Experts are more adept at determining which algorithms and heuristics are appropriate for a given situation.
Expert Pattern Recognition
- Experts recognize patterns quickly due to extensive knowledge and experience.
Near Transfer & Far Transfer
- Near transfer is benefitting from a new skill based on practice of similar skills.
- Far transfer is benefitting from practicing something not similar to the original expertise.
Language
- Language is a uniquely human ability characterized by productivity.
- Productivity is the ability of language to form new sentences.
- Language allows for constantly creating novel sentences.
- Human language is rule-based instead of being a collection of memorized sentences.
Language & Sentence Structure
- Transforming deep structure (underlying meaning) into surface structure (actual words) is how sentences are constructed.
- Sentences can portray the same meaning yet use different structures.
Language & General Intelligence
- Language may or may not be a byproduct of overall intelligence.
- Language is best viewed as a unique human ability.
- Certain conditions may result in mental retardation while still retaining good language skills.
Language in Early Childhood
- Children develop language skills at different rates, but there are common stages in their development.
Children Exposed to No Language/2 Languages
- Bilingual children may have some difficulties in separating two languages or finding a word in one of them.
- Bilingual children often outperform monolingual peers in certain areas.
Understanding Language
- Ambiguous words pose challenges for interpreting meaning.
- Context and surrounding information enable the correct interpretation of words.
Understanding Sentences
- Understanding sentences necessitates a grasp of the world (shared knowledge).
- Making assumptions about the world helps decipher the meaning of a sentence.
Reading & Eye Movements
- Reading involves specific eye movements (fixations and saccades).
- These eye movements differ based on the type of text and reading context.
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Description
Test your understanding of cognition and attention processes through this quiz. Explore concepts such as bottom-up processing, categorization, and focusing techniques. Enhance your knowledge of cognitive psychology and how we interpret sensory information.
