CMD Final Review: Lectures 7-14

The delivery of blood via the right pulmonary artery to the capillaries that supply the alveoli.

The actual gas exchange across the alveolar capillary membrane.

One cycle of respiration consists of one inspiration (inhalation) and one expiration (exhalation).

The average number of respiratory cycles per minute for adults is between 12 and 18.

Quiet breathing pattern involving about 500 ml of air with each cycle, also known as tidal respiration.

The volume of air processed every minute during quiet breathing, approximately 6000-8000 ml.

The total amount of air available for life and speech, from maximum inhalation to maximum exhalation.

The total amount of air the lungs are capable of holding, including the residual volume.

The volume of air exchanged during a single respiratory cycle, which varies based on activity, body size, and age.

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation, which cannot be eliminated.

The quantity of air that can be exhaled after a normal, tidal expiration. Also called resting lung volume.

The volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation.

The source of voicing for speech, produced in the larynx.

The process by which exhaled air becomes a sound wave, the source of voicing for speech.

The musculo-cartilaginous structure that sits atop the first tracheal ring, responsible for phonation and protecting the airway.

The space between the vocal folds that changes size depending on whether they are open (abducted) or closed (adducted).

The outermost layer of the vocal fold, made of epithelial tissue.

The middle layer of the vocal fold, comprised of fibrous tissue, collagen, and elastic fibers. It's responsible for the fold's elasticity.

The innermost layer of the vocal fold, responsible for muscle contractions that help us speak.

The first two layers of the lamina propria, containing elastin fibers.

The combination of epithelium, lamina propria, and the first layer of lamina propria containing random elastin fibers.

The combination of the two innermost layers of the vocal fold - lamina propria with collagen and the thyrovocalis muscle.

The hyoid bone is a small, U-shaped bone that sits in the neck. It is unique because it doesn't attach to any other bones.

Two small projections on the larynx: The greater cornu projects posteriorly from the lateral surface of the corpus. The lesser cornu is located at the junction of the cornu and corpus.

Located within the posterior margin of the aryepiglottic folds, these cartilages help stiffen the folds.

The space between the false vocal folds. It's open during normal phonation and closed during swallowing and other effort activities.

These muscles have one attachment inside the larynx and one outside, either to the hyoid bone or elsewhere.

These muscles have both attachments within the larynx or hyoid bone. They control vocal fold movement and tension.

Elevates and retracts the hyoid bone. Helps move the larynx upward.

Elevates the hyoid, depresses the mandible, and helps elevate the floor of the mouth during chewing.

Elevates and draws the hyoid bone forward. Helps with tongue movement and swallowing.

Depresses the hyoid. It helps lower the larynx during swallowing.

Has two bellies, each contracted independently to depress the hyoid and larynx. Helps with swallowing and vocalization.

A paired muscle in the larynx that helps to close the vocal folds by pulling the arytenoid cartilages together.

A muscle in the larynx that helps to open (abduct) the vocal folds by pulling the arytenoid cartilages apart.

A paired muscle in the larynx that helps to close the posterior portion of the glottis by pulling the arytenoid cartilages together.

A muscle in the larynx that primarily controls pitch by lengthening and tensing the vocal folds.

The pattern of phonation used in everyday conversation, characterized by the vocal folds opening from inferior to superior and closing from inferior to superior, creating a mucosal wave that produces fundamental frequency and harmonics.

A low-pitched, crackly voice quality often described as "strohbass" or "pulse register". It requires low subglottal pressure and thickened vocal folds that vibrate differently than in modal register.

A high-pitched, thin voice quality achieved by lengthening and thinning the vocal folds. The vocal folds vibrate briefly and with reduced movement compared to other registers.

A type of phonation characterized by greatly increased medial compression of the vocal folds, resulting in a stronger, louder voice with a strident or harsh quality. Can be considered vocal abuse.

A type of phonation where the vocal folds are not fully adducted, leading to air escaping between them during phonation. Results in a breathy, whispery voice quality.

The most important mobile articulator responsible for producing a wide range of sounds in speech. It can change shape, size, and position to create different sounds.

The muscular extension of the hard palate, ending in the uvula. It helps separate the nasal cavity from the oral cavity during speech production.

The space above the soft palate, containing the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids), which are part of the immune system.

The space behind the mouth, extending from the velum to the hyoid bone. It plays a crucial role in speech production and swallowing.

A single muscle that encircles the mouth or two sets of paired muscles, two upper (orbicularis oris superior) and two lower (orbicularis oris inferior).

A large muscle that dominates the cheeks and is responsible for mastication (chewing). It originates from the mandible and maxilla and inserts into the upper and lower orbicularis oris.

A muscle that retracts the lips at the corners, giving a 'smiling' appearance. It originates from the posterior region of the face, superficial to the buccinator.

Elevates the upper lip, originating from the lateral margins of the nose and inserting into the mid-lateral region of the upper lip.

Elevates the upper lip, originating from the infraorbital margin of the maxilla and inserting into the mid-lateral region of the upper lip.

A muscle that helps to widen the mouth and pull the lip down and back. It originates from the mandible and inserts into the corners of the mouth.

A paired muscle that originates from the lateral surface of the mandible and inserts into the lower lip. It's responsible for depressing the lower lip.

A muscle that originates from the anterior region of the maxilla near the canine tooth and inserts into the lower part of the upper lip. It's responsible for elevating and everting (turning outward) the upper lip.