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Questions and Answers
What department is the CSF tube labeled 3 routinely sent to?
What department is the CSF tube labeled 3 routinely sent to?
Which of the following findings is consistent with a subarachnoid hemorrhage rather than a traumatic tap?
Which of the following findings is consistent with a subarachnoid hemorrhage rather than a traumatic tap?
Which condition is most often associated with normal CSF glucose and protein?
Which condition is most often associated with normal CSF glucose and protein?
A web-like pellicle in a refrigerated CSF specimen indicates:
A web-like pellicle in a refrigerated CSF specimen indicates:
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Which observation is least useful in distinguishing a hemorrhagic serous fluid from a traumatic tap?
Which observation is least useful in distinguishing a hemorrhagic serous fluid from a traumatic tap?
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The finding of oligoclonal bands in the CSF and not in the serum is seen with:
The finding of oligoclonal bands in the CSF and not in the serum is seen with:
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CSF lactate will be more consistently decreased in:
CSF lactate will be more consistently decreased in:
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Elevated CSF protein values can be caused by all of the following except:
Elevated CSF protein values can be caused by all of the following except:
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What is the most common cause of male infertility?
What is the most common cause of male infertility?
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Which morphological abnormality of sperm is most often associated with varicocele?
Which morphological abnormality of sperm is most often associated with varicocele?
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What is the upper limit of normal for white blood cells (WBCs) in seminal fluid analysis?
What is the upper limit of normal for white blood cells (WBCs) in seminal fluid analysis?
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Which carbohydrate measurement is clinically useful when performing a seminal fluid analysis?
Which carbohydrate measurement is clinically useful when performing a seminal fluid analysis?
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What should be done if the specimen for semen analysis is delayed more than 2 hours?
What should be done if the specimen for semen analysis is delayed more than 2 hours?
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Post-vasectomy semen analysis should be conducted how many months after the surgery?
Post-vasectomy semen analysis should be conducted how many months after the surgery?
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What does a red or brown discoloration in semen indicate?
What does a red or brown discoloration in semen indicate?
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How should specimens for FLM testing be transported and stored in the laboratory?
How should specimens for FLM testing be transported and stored in the laboratory?
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Which test best correlates with the severity of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN)?
Which test best correlates with the severity of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN)?
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Which method is considered the reference for determining fetal lung maturity (FLM)?
Which method is considered the reference for determining fetal lung maturity (FLM)?
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What accurately describes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels in pregnancy?
What accurately describes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels in pregnancy?
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Which statement about alpha fetoprotein (AFP) levels is correct?
Which statement about alpha fetoprotein (AFP) levels is correct?
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Which amniotic fluid color indicates hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Which amniotic fluid color indicates hemolytic disease of the newborn?
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What is the purpose of detecting creatinine levels in amniotic fluid?
What is the purpose of detecting creatinine levels in amniotic fluid?
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At what gestational age is it recommended to determine early treatment or intervention for Down syndrome?
At what gestational age is it recommended to determine early treatment or intervention for Down syndrome?
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What specimen collection method is used for screening neural tube defects?
What specimen collection method is used for screening neural tube defects?
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What reagent is used in the mucin clot test?
What reagent is used in the mucin clot test?
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Which crystal is most commonly associated with gout?
Which crystal is most commonly associated with gout?
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What type of arthritis is characterized by a synovial WBC count greater than 50,000/µL?
What type of arthritis is characterized by a synovial WBC count greater than 50,000/µL?
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Which cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor?
Which cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor?
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What is the highest level of serum gastrin usually found in?
What is the highest level of serum gastrin usually found in?
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What type of gastric tube is inserted through the nose?
What type of gastric tube is inserted through the nose?
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Which type of crystal causes pseudogout?
Which type of crystal causes pseudogout?
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What type of fluid is collected by thoracentesis?
What type of fluid is collected by thoracentesis?
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How many days will hCG in urine disappear after ectopic pregnancy?
How many days will hCG in urine disappear after ectopic pregnancy?
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Which animal source is used for anti-hCG in home-based pregnancy test kits?
Which animal source is used for anti-hCG in home-based pregnancy test kits?
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What change in urine is an indicator of pre-eclampsia?
What change in urine is an indicator of pre-eclampsia?
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What reagent is used in the Apt test?
What reagent is used in the Apt test?
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Which factor will NOT interfere with the reagent strip test for leukocytes?
Which factor will NOT interfere with the reagent strip test for leukocytes?
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Which of the following statements about sputum is true?
Which of the following statements about sputum is true?
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What is the renal threshold for glucose?
What is the renal threshold for glucose?
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What is the renal threshold for potassium?
What is the renal threshold for potassium?
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What is the most likely etiology of urethritis in a patient with dysuria, urgency, and urethral discharge?
What is the most likely etiology of urethritis in a patient with dysuria, urgency, and urethral discharge?
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Which condition is associated with urinalysis results in a patient with lupus erythematosus?
Which condition is associated with urinalysis results in a patient with lupus erythematosus?
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What is the identity of the object pointed by the arrow in the microscopy image?
What is the identity of the object pointed by the arrow in the microscopy image?
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Which microscopy technique is depicted in the provided image?
Which microscopy technique is depicted in the provided image?
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Identify the types of cells shown in the microscopy image.
Identify the types of cells shown in the microscopy image.
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What type of fecal occult blood test (FOBT) kit is shown in the image?
What type of fecal occult blood test (FOBT) kit is shown in the image?
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Which cell type is indicated in the microscopy image?
Which cell type is indicated in the microscopy image?
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The crystal observed in the image below is soluble in which of the following substances?
The crystal observed in the image below is soluble in which of the following substances?
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Study Notes
CM Comprehensive Exam Study Notes
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CSF Labelling and Department: CSF tubes labeled 3 are routinely sent to Microbiology.
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Subarachnoid Hemorrhage vs. Traumatic Tap: A clear supernatant after centrifugation, and the presence of xanthochromia are more indicative of a traumatic tap than a subarachnoid hemorrhage, which is associated with clearing of fluid. Protein in the sample is not a useful differentiator.
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Conditions with Normal CSF Glucose and Protein: Viral meningitis is most often associated with normal CSF glucose and protein levels.
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Pellicle in Refrigerated CSF: A web-like pellicle in refrigerated CSF suggests tubercular meningitis.
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CSF Cell Count: A total CSF cell count on a clear fluid should be reported as normal in the absence of additional factors or symptoms.
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Hemorrhagic Serous Fluid vs. Traumatic Tap: The formation of a clot in the CSF, rather than clearing, suggests a hemorrhagic serous fluid as opposed to a traumatic tap. A diminished RBC count in successive aliquots is also less useful to distinguish these.
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Oligoclonal Bands: The presence of oligoclonal bands in CSF but not in serum is associated with multiple sclerosis.
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CSF Lactate: Viral meningitis is more consistently associated with lower CSF lactate levels compared to other causes like bacterial meningitis.
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Neurosyphilis Test: The test of choice for detecting neurosyphilis is the VDRL test.
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Elevated CSF Protein: Elevated CSF protein values are seen in conditions like meningitis, multiple sclerosis, and fluid leakage, but not always in CNS malignancy.
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CSF Differentiation: CSF can be differentiated from serum by the presence of globulin.
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Spermatozoa Maturation: Spermatozoa maturation occurs in the seminiferous tubules.
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Semen Enzymes: Enzymes for semen coagulation and liquefaction originate from the seminal vesicles.
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Temperature for CSF: The freezing temperature is a factor routinely sent to the CSF tubes labelled 3.
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Time for Semen Liquefaction: Liquefaction of a semen specimen should take place within 1 hour.
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-glucosidase Measurement: This enzymatic measurement aids in detecting disorders related to the seminiferous tubules, epididymis.
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Motility Rating: Rapid, straight-line motility is recorded as 4.0
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Common Cause of Male Infertility: Varicocele is the most common cause of male infertility.
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Sperm Concentration: The lower limit of normal sperm concentration is 15 million per milliliter.
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Sperm Morphological Abnormality: Tapering of the sperm head is the most frequent morphological abnormality associated with varicocele.
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Semen Analysis Results: Abnormal results (volume, liquefaction, pH, motility) suggest analysis variation and should be verified.
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Seminal Fluid Analysis WBCs: The upper limit of normal for WBCs in seminal fluid analysis is 1 x 106/mL.
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Carbohydrate Measurement in Semen Analysis: Fructose level is clinically useful when performing a seminal fluid analysis.
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Reagent Strips: When using reagent strips, maintain the strips at room temperature, and store in dark airtight containers; blot on tissue following use and do not expose strips to moisture.
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Other Tests: The information discusses several other clinical tests, conditions, and factors relative to a comprehensive exam.
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Description
Prepare for your comprehensive exam with these detailed notes on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and related conditions. This review covers important distinctions between subarachnoid hemorrhage and traumatic tap, normal CSF glucose and protein levels, as well as indications of various meningitis types. Ideal for medical students and exam candidates.
