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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the body?
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the body?
- Produce antibodies
- Act as phagocytes at sites of infection (correct)
- Fight chronic infections
- Stimulate clotting during injury
Which type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for producing antibodies?
Which type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for producing antibodies?
- B lymphocytes (correct)
- T lymphocytes
- Neutrophils
- Monocytes
Leukocytosis is characterized by which of the following?
Leukocytosis is characterized by which of the following?
- Excessive production of lymphocytes
- Abnormal low leukocyte levels
- WBC count below 11,000 leukocytes/mm3
- WBC count above 11,000 leukocytes/mm3 (correct)
What is the lifespan of platelets in the bloodstream?
What is the lifespan of platelets in the bloodstream?
What role does the hemocytoblast play in blood cell formation?
What role does the hemocytoblast play in blood cell formation?
Which type of leukocyte is the largest and often has a kidney-shaped nucleus?
Which type of leukocyte is the largest and often has a kidney-shaped nucleus?
What is the main function of erythrocytes?
What is the main function of erythrocytes?
Leukopenia is typically caused by which of the following?
Leukopenia is typically caused by which of the following?
What is the normal range for platelet count in the blood?
What is the normal range for platelet count in the blood?
What is a defining characteristic of erythrocytes?
What is a defining characteristic of erythrocytes?
How many hemoglobin molecules are typically found in one erythrocyte?
How many hemoglobin molecules are typically found in one erythrocyte?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood?
What is the normal range of leukocytes found per cubic millimeter of blood?
What is the normal range of leukocytes found per cubic millimeter of blood?
Which type of leukocyte is involved primarily in targeting parasitic infections?
Which type of leukocyte is involved primarily in targeting parasitic infections?
What is a key feature of agranulocytes compared to granulocytes?
What is a key feature of agranulocytes compared to granulocytes?
What mnemonic helps to remember the order of leukocyte abundance?
What mnemonic helps to remember the order of leukocyte abundance?
What substance stimulates the production of platelets?
What substance stimulates the production of platelets?
What is the first step in the blood-clotting process?
What is the first step in the blood-clotting process?
Which blood type can receive blood from all blood types?
Which blood type can receive blood from all blood types?
What is the result of mixing Rh+ blood into a body with Rh– blood?
What is the result of mixing Rh+ blood into a body with Rh– blood?
What is a potential consequence of a blood loss over 30%?
What is a potential consequence of a blood loss over 30%?
Which type of blood can a person with Type A blood safely receive?
Which type of blood can a person with Type A blood safely receive?
Which antibodies would be present in the plasma of a Type O individual?
Which antibodies would be present in the plasma of a Type O individual?
What can happen during a second pregnancy if the mother is Rh- and the child is Rh+?
What can happen during a second pregnancy if the mother is Rh- and the child is Rh+?
What is the role of colony stimulating factors (CSFs)?
What is the role of colony stimulating factors (CSFs)?
What mechanism is responsible for attracting more platelets during clot formation?
What mechanism is responsible for attracting more platelets during clot formation?
What is the primary component of blood plasma?
What is the primary component of blood plasma?
Which of the following describes the hematocrit?
Which of the following describes the hematocrit?
What regulates osmotic pressure in blood plasma?
What regulates osmotic pressure in blood plasma?
Which type of blood cell is primarily responsible for immune response?
Which type of blood cell is primarily responsible for immune response?
What happens to blood pH during acidosis?
What happens to blood pH during acidosis?
Which statement about blood temperature is accurate?
Which statement about blood temperature is accurate?
What percentage of body weight does blood typically make up?
What percentage of body weight does blood typically make up?
What type of cell fragment is found in the formed elements of blood?
What type of cell fragment is found in the formed elements of blood?
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Study Notes
Composition and Functions of Blood
- Blood is the only fluid tissue in the human body and classified as connective tissue.
- Whole blood consists of formed elements (living cells) and plasma (non-living matrix).
- Blood volume in a healthy adult is approximately 5–6 liters, constituting about 8% of body weight.
- Blood has a pH range of 7.35–7.45 and is slightly warmer than body temperature at 38°C (100.4°F).
- Centrifuged blood reveals erythrocytes at the bottom (45%, hematocrit), a buffy coat of leukocytes and platelets (<1%), and plasma at the top (55%).
Blood Plasma
- Plasma is about 90% water and contains various dissolved substances, including nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, and waste products.
- Plasma proteins are the most abundant solutes; they include:
- Albumin: regulates osmotic pressure.
- Clotting proteins: prevent excessive blood loss.
- Antibodies: protect against pathogens.
- Acidosis occurs when blood acidity increases; alkalosis occurs when blood becomes too basic, with the respiratory system and kidneys acting to restore pH balance.
Formed Elements
- Formed elements of blood include:
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells): Main function is oxygen transport, contain hemoglobin which binds to oxygen.
- Leukocytes (white blood cells): Essential for immune defense.
- Platelets: Cell fragments crucial for clotting.
- Erythrocytes are biconcave, anucleate, and contain approximately 5 million cells per mm³ of blood, with a lifespan of about 120 days.
- Normal hemoglobin levels range from 12–18 g per 100 mL of blood.
Hematopoiesis
- Hematopoiesis, or blood cell formation, occurs in the red bone marrow.
- All blood cells are derived from hemocytoblasts (stem cells), differentiating into lymphoid stem cells (lymphocytes) and myeloid stem cells (other formed elements).
- Erythrocytes are removed by phagocytes in the spleen or liver after their lifespan, with new cells produced by hemocytoblasts.
Hemostasis
- Hemostasis involves the formation of a platelet plug upon blood vessel injury:
- Exposed collagen fibers attract platelets, which become sticky and release chemicals to recruit more platelets.
- Blood typically clots within 3 to 6 minutes, allowing for tissue repair afterward.
Blood Groups and Transfusions
- Blood transfusions are necessary after significant blood loss (15-30% causes weakness; over 30% can lead to shock).
- Blood types are determined by specific antigens present on the red blood cells:
- ABO blood groups are defined by the presence/absence of type A and B antigens.
- Blood types are categorized as A, B, AB (universal recipient), and O (universal donor).
- Rh factor presence can cause complications if Rh-negative individuals receive Rh-positive blood, particularly in pregnancy.
Rh Factors and Pregnancy
- Rh incompatibility arises when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive baby. This can sensitize the mother's immune system, leading to hemolytic disease in subsequent pregnancies.
- RhoGAM can be administered to prevent antibody buildup against Rh-positive blood during pregnancy.
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