Clinical Toxicology: Pesticides & Natural Toxins
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Questions and Answers

What are the main uses of organophosphorus compounds mentioned in the text?

  • Disinfectants, food preservatives, and cleaning agents
  • Anti-inflammatory drugs, antipyretics, and antihistamines
  • Pesticides, nerve agents, and therapeutic agents (correct)
  • Fertilizers, antibiotics, and vaccines

What is a common cause of poisoning related to exposure to organophosphorus compounds?

  • Chronic exposure by farmers and sprayers
  • Exposure through skin contact with pesticides
  • Accidental ingestion of contaminated water
  • Attempted suicide in developing countries (correct)

Which category of organophosphates is mainly used as agricultural insecticides?

  • Intermediately toxic organophosphates
  • Low toxicity organophosphates
  • Highly toxic organophosphates (correct)
  • Not mentioned in the text

What is the medical use mentioned for ecothiopate among organophosphorus compounds?

<p>Treatment of glaucoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of organophosphorus compounds?

<p>Commonly used as food additives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major source of exposure to organophosphorus compounds leading to poisoning incidents in developing countries?

<p>Suicidal attempts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in managing scorpion venom toxicity?

<p>Control local pain with local anesthesia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is NOT associated with cerebral edema caused by scorpion venom toxicity?

<p>Diaphoresis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it advised not to cut the wound and suck out the poison in cases of scorpion stings?

<p>To avoid transferring the venom into the bloodstream (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the suggested contribution of myristicin found in nutmeg to its toxicity?

<p>Contributing to the overall toxicity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is recommended for controlling agitation in scorpion venom toxicity?

<p>Use of diazepam (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it mentioned that scorpions usually cannot deliver enough venom to kill a healthy adult?

<p>Due to the small amounts of venom they inject (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in managing organophosphate (OPs) poisoning?

<p>Decontamination and Supportive therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which life-threatening symptoms does atropine help reverse in OPs toxicity?

<p>Bronchospasm and severe bradycardia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk of over-atropinization in treating OPs toxicity?

<p>Hyperthermia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of venom is dominant in cobra venom?

<p>Neurotoxic venom (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main danger associated with neurotoxic snake venom when it affects respiratory muscles?

<p>Respiratory failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component found in snake venom according to the text?

<p>Hydrochloric Acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between monovalent and polyvalent antivenoms?

<p>Monovalent antivenoms are effective against several species, while polyvalent antivenoms are effective against a given species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism of scorpion venom toxicity?

<p>Blockade of calcium-activated K+ channels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the long-chain polypeptide neurotoxin have on sodium channels?

<p>It stabilizes sodium channels in the open position (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of scorpion venom toxicity on the cardiovascular system?

<p>Pulmonary edema (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of manifestations result from the repetitive firing of somatic, sympathetic, and parasympathetic neurons due to scorpion venom toxicity?

<p>Autonomic and neuromuscular over-excitation symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are complications often more severe in children with scorpion venom toxicity?

<p>Due to increased LDH &amp; CPK levels in children compared to adults (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptoms are associated with nutmeg abuse?

<p>Tachycardia, salivation, and CNS excitation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of mushroom toxins causes generalized destruction of cells?

<p>Protoplasmic poisons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the upper safety limit of solanine in fresh weight potatoes?

<p>20 mg per 100 g (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for forming cyanide from cyanogenic glycosides?

<p>Hydrolytic enzymes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptoms might be caused by mushroom neurotoxins?

<p>Hallucinations and spastic colon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are toxic potatoes with solanine not rendered harmless by cooking?

<p>Solanine is heat stable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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