Clinical Toxicology: Pesticides & Natural Toxins
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Questions and Answers

What are the main uses of organophosphorus compounds mentioned in the text?

  • Disinfectants, food preservatives, and cleaning agents
  • Anti-inflammatory drugs, antipyretics, and antihistamines
  • Pesticides, nerve agents, and therapeutic agents (correct)
  • Fertilizers, antibiotics, and vaccines

    • What is a common cause of poisoning related to exposure to organophosphorus compounds?

  • Chronic exposure by farmers and sprayers
  • Exposure through skin contact with pesticides
  • Accidental ingestion of contaminated water
  • Attempted suicide in developing countries (correct)

    • Which category of organophosphates is mainly used as agricultural insecticides?

  • Intermediately toxic organophosphates
  • Low toxicity organophosphates
  • Highly toxic organophosphates (correct)
  • Not mentioned in the text

    • What is the medical use mentioned for ecothiopate among organophosphorus compounds?

    <p>Treatment of glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of organophosphorus compounds?

    <p>Commonly used as food additives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major source of exposure to organophosphorus compounds leading to poisoning incidents in developing countries?

    <p>Suicidal attempts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in managing scorpion venom toxicity?

    <p>Control local pain with local anesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is NOT associated with cerebral edema caused by scorpion venom toxicity?

    <p>Diaphoresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it advised not to cut the wound and suck out the poison in cases of scorpion stings?

    <p>To avoid transferring the venom into the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the suggested contribution of myristicin found in nutmeg to its toxicity?

    <p>Contributing to the overall toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is recommended for controlling agitation in scorpion venom toxicity?

    <p>Use of diazepam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it mentioned that scorpions usually cannot deliver enough venom to kill a healthy adult?

    <p>Due to the small amounts of venom they inject</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in managing organophosphate (OPs) poisoning?

    <p>Decontamination and Supportive therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which life-threatening symptoms does atropine help reverse in OPs toxicity?

    <p>Bronchospasm and severe bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk of over-atropinization in treating OPs toxicity?

    <p>Hyperthermia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of venom is dominant in cobra venom?

    <p>Neurotoxic venom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main danger associated with neurotoxic snake venom when it affects respiratory muscles?

    <p>Respiratory failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component found in snake venom according to the text?

    <p>Hydrochloric Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between monovalent and polyvalent antivenoms?

    <p>Monovalent antivenoms are effective against several species, while polyvalent antivenoms are effective against a given species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism of scorpion venom toxicity?

    <p>Blockade of calcium-activated K+ channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the long-chain polypeptide neurotoxin have on sodium channels?

    <p>It stabilizes sodium channels in the open position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of scorpion venom toxicity on the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of manifestations result from the repetitive firing of somatic, sympathetic, and parasympathetic neurons due to scorpion venom toxicity?

    <p>Autonomic and neuromuscular over-excitation symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are complications often more severe in children with scorpion venom toxicity?

    <p>Due to increased LDH &amp; CPK levels in children compared to adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms are associated with nutmeg abuse?

    <p>Tachycardia, salivation, and CNS excitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of mushroom toxins causes generalized destruction of cells?

    <p>Protoplasmic poisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the upper safety limit of solanine in fresh weight potatoes?

    <p>20 mg per 100 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for forming cyanide from cyanogenic glycosides?

    <p>Hydrolytic enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms might be caused by mushroom neurotoxins?

    <p>Hallucinations and spastic colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are toxic potatoes with solanine not rendered harmless by cooking?

    <p>Solanine is heat stable</p> Signup and view all the answers

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