Questions and Answers
Which type of shock is characterized by an acute loss of circulating blood volume?
Cardiogenic shock can be caused by arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, and acute heart failure.
True
Name one common cause of distributive shock.
Anaphylaxis or sepsis or spinal cord injury
Obstructive shock is often caused by ______, ______, or ______.
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Match the type of shock to its cause:
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What causes dissociative shock?
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Distributive shock can occur due to nervous system-related issues.
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What is one of the most common causes of cardiogenic shock?
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Which of the following is a cause of dissociative shock?
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Pale, cold extremities are a sign of shock.
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What is one vital sign that might not be abnormal until a significant amount of blood is lost in certain patient groups?
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Management of shock includes administering high % ________.
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Match the symptoms with their meanings:
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Which patient group may not show abnormal vital signs until significant blood loss occurs?
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What position should a conscious patient be placed in during shock management?
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It is acceptable to give a patient in shock food and drink.
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Study Notes
Types of Shock
- Hypovolaemic: Caused by acute loss of circulating blood volume.
- Distributive: Results from widespread dilation of peripheral vascular system.
- Cardiogenic: Occurs when the heart cannot circulate sufficient blood.
- Obstructive: Caused by interference in blood flow to/from the heart.
- Dissociative: Involves impaired oxygen carrying capacity of blood.
Hypovolaemic Shock
- Triggered by severe hemorrhage (internal/external) resulting in total blood volume loss.
- Can also stem from extensive burns leading to serum loss.
- Severe diarrhea or vomiting leads to loss of water and electrolytes.
Distributive Shock
- Blood vessels become 'leaky', allowing fluids to enter interstitial spaces.
- Common causes include anaphylaxis and sepsis.
- Can be associated with nerve-related issues, such as spinal cord injury.
Cardiogenic Shock
- Most frequently follows myocardial infarction, where heart function is compromised.
- Other causes include acute heart failure and arrhythmias.
Obstructive Shock
- Rare, caused by obstructions affecting blood flow such as:
- Tension pneumothorax
- Cardiac tamponade
- Pulmonary embolism
Dissociative Shock
- Results from inadequate red blood cells to transport sufficient oxygen.
- Conditions include anemia and carbon monoxide poisoning.
Signs & Symptoms of Shock
- Tachycardia: Increased pulse rate.
- Tachypnoea: Elevated respiratory rate or depth.
- Abnormal behavior: May exhibit agitation or confusion.
- Physical signs: Dizziness, pale/cold extremities, delayed capillary refill.
- Severe symptoms in Stage 4: Reduced level of consciousness and bradycardia.
Noteworthy Observations
- Certain demographics, such as young and athletic individuals, pregnant patients, and those on beta blockers may not show abnormal vital signs until significant blood volume loss (1,000ml-1,500ml) occurs.
Management of Shock
- Follow the RABCDE protocol: Assess for time-critical situations.
- Administer high-concentration oxygen immediately.
- If conscious, position the patient flat with head and shoulders slightly raised and consider elevating the lower limbs.
- If unconscious, place the patient in a stable side position.
- Address other injuries and control bleeding.
- Maintain normal body temperature; avoid overheating or hypothermia.
- Handle gently and provide constant reassurance.
- Continuous monitoring of vital signs (pulse, consciousness, respiration) is essential.
- Do not give anything by mouth due to potential need for anesthesia.
- Ensure timely transfer to an appropriate medical facility and consider calling for paramedic assistance.
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Description
This quiz covers the critical aspects of clinical shock including its types, causes, stages, and management strategies. Explore hypovolemic, distributive, cardiogenic, obstructive, and dissociative shock to enhance your understanding of this medical condition.
