Questions and Answers
Which type of shock is characterized by an acute loss of circulating blood volume?
Distributive shock can occur due to a spinal cord injury.
True
What is the most common cause of cardiogenic shock?
Myocardial infarction
Tension pneumothorax is a cause of ______ shock.
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Which of the following is NOT a common cause of distributive shock?
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Dissociative shock is caused by a decrease in the number of red blood cells available to carry oxygen.
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Name one cause of hypovolaemic shock.
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Match the type of shock with its description:
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of dissociative shock?
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Tachycardia is a sign of shock.
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What should a conscious shock patient be positioned to help with their condition?
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Signs of shock may include tachypnoea, pale cold extremities, and __________.
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Match the following signs of shock with their descriptions:
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Which group of patients may not show abnormal vital signs until significant fluid loss occurs?
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It is safe to allow a shock patient to eat or drink during treatment.
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What vital signs should be constantly observed in a patient suffering from shock?
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Study Notes
Types of Shock
- Hypovolaemic: Caused by acute loss of circulating blood volume.
- Distributive: Results from widespread dilation of peripheral vascular system.
- Cardiogenic: Occurs when the heart cannot circulate sufficient blood.
- Obstructive: Caused by interference in blood flow to/from the heart.
- Dissociative: Involves impaired oxygen carrying capacity of blood.
Hypovolaemic Shock
- Triggered by severe hemorrhage (internal/external) resulting in total blood volume loss.
- Can also stem from extensive burns leading to serum loss.
- Severe diarrhea or vomiting leads to loss of water and electrolytes.
Distributive Shock
- Blood vessels become 'leaky', allowing fluids to enter interstitial spaces.
- Common causes include anaphylaxis and sepsis.
- Can be associated with nerve-related issues, such as spinal cord injury.
Cardiogenic Shock
- Most frequently follows myocardial infarction, where heart function is compromised.
- Other causes include acute heart failure and arrhythmias.
Obstructive Shock
- Rare, caused by obstructions affecting blood flow such as:
- Tension pneumothorax
- Cardiac tamponade
- Pulmonary embolism
Dissociative Shock
- Results from inadequate red blood cells to transport sufficient oxygen.
- Conditions include anemia and carbon monoxide poisoning.
Signs & Symptoms of Shock
- Tachycardia: Increased pulse rate.
- Tachypnoea: Elevated respiratory rate or depth.
- Abnormal behavior: May exhibit agitation or confusion.
- Physical signs: Dizziness, pale/cold extremities, delayed capillary refill.
- Severe symptoms in Stage 4: Reduced level of consciousness and bradycardia.
Noteworthy Observations
- Certain demographics, such as young and athletic individuals, pregnant patients, and those on beta blockers may not show abnormal vital signs until significant blood volume loss (1,000ml-1,500ml) occurs.
Management of Shock
- Follow the RABCDE protocol: Assess for time-critical situations.
- Administer high-concentration oxygen immediately.
- If conscious, position the patient flat with head and shoulders slightly raised and consider elevating the lower limbs.
- If unconscious, place the patient in a stable side position.
- Address other injuries and control bleeding.
- Maintain normal body temperature; avoid overheating or hypothermia.
- Handle gently and provide constant reassurance.
- Continuous monitoring of vital signs (pulse, consciousness, respiration) is essential.
- Do not give anything by mouth due to potential need for anesthesia.
- Ensure timely transfer to an appropriate medical facility and consider calling for paramedic assistance.
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Description
This quiz covers the types, causes, stages, and management of shock in clinical settings. It focuses on understanding the different forms of shock including hypovolemic, distributive, cardiogenic, obstructive, and dissociative. Test your knowledge and improve your clinical skills in recognizing and managing shock effectively.
