30 Questions
Who typically leads the mental health team in the NHS and takes final responsibility for patients?
Psychiatrist
What is a key aspect of a clinical psychologist's role in assessment and diagnosis?
Multimodal formulation
What is a key difference between clinical psychologists and other professions offering talking therapies?
Their focus on neuropsychological expertise
Who has the right to prescribe medication in the NHS?
Psychiatrists
What is the role of a clinical psychologist in formulating a treatment plan?
Cooperating with the team to formulate a treatment plan
What is the term for the team of professionals that clinical psychologists work with?
Multidisciplinary Team
What is the primary tool used by clinical psychologists to diagnose mental disorders in the USA?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
What is the name of the first journal in the field of clinical psychology, founded by Lightner Witmer in 1907?
The Psychological Clinic
What was the primary focus of the first psychological clinic opened by Lightner Witmer in the University of Pennsylvania?
Helping children with learning disabilities
What event in the early 20th century led to the growth of clinical psychology in the USA, with war veterans funding training for psychologists?
World War I
What is the name of the organization that was founded in 1901 and played a significant role in the development of clinical psychology in the UK?
The British Psychological Society
Who is considered the founding father of experimental psychology, and was the teacher of Lightner Witmer?
Wilhelm Wundt
What was the primary objective of the field trials sponsored by the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health between 1977 and 1979?
To evaluate the reliability of the new diagnoses introduced in the DSM-III
What was the reason for the deletion of the concept of neurosis from the DSM-III?
It was deemed too vague and unscientific by the DSM task force
What was the outcome of the consideration of Masochistic Personality Disorder in the DSM-III-R?
It was considered but ultimately discarded
What was the title of the publication that criticized Rosenhan's work as pseudoscience?
Rebuttal to Rosenhan
How many diagnostic categories were listed in the DSM-III?
265
What was the primary difference between the DSM-III and the DSM-III-R?
Categories were renamed, reorganized, and significant changes in criteria were made
What was the primary focus of the Scholar Practitioner Model developed by Dr. Gordon Derner at Adelphi?
Training practitioners with clinical skills
What was the outcome of the Vail Conference in 1973?
Establishment of the role of the scientist practitioner model in training programmes
What was the primary concern of the Boulder Conference in 1949?
Giving equal weight to science and practice
What was the requirement for psychologists trained in the Scientist Practitioner Model?
A PhD in psychology
What was the significance of the APA approval in 1957?
Approval of the Scholar Practitioner Model
According to McFall in 1991, what was the primary goal of clinical psychology training programmes?
To produce the most competent clinical scientists possible
What is a potential advantage of a nosology like the DSM?
Aiding research efforts
What is a critique of the DSM mentioned in the text?
It ignores the role of social factors and culture
What is a consequence of the growing number of diagnoses in the DSM?
Shaping the development of services
Who proposed recovery as the new medical model for psychiatry?
Barber
What is a challenge mentioned in the text related to diagnosis?
The difficulty of differential diagnosis
What is a consequence of the changing labels and language used in the DSM?
Some individuals becoming upset about lost labels
Study Notes
History of Clinical Psychology
- The term "clinical psychology" was first used by Lightner Witmer in 1907, defined as "the study of individuals, by observation or experimentation, with the intention of promoting change."
- Witmer founded the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania, focusing on helping children with learning disabilities.
- By the late 1980s-early 1900s, psychiatrists and neurologists were developing a field focused on understanding and alleviating mental distress, and psychologists began to contribute to assessment.
- After WW1, psychologists helped soldiers with 'shell shock', and war veterans funded training in the US.
Scientist Practitioner Model
- The Boulder Conference in 1949 established the scientist-practitioner model, which emphasizes equal weight to science and practice.
- The model requires a PhD as the minimum degree, with training within a university setting.
- The goal is to prepare psychologists to work in academia or clinical practice.
Scholar Practitioner Model
- The scholar-practitioner model, developed by Dr. Gordon Derner in 1951, focuses on training practitioners, with research informing practice.
- The model received APA approval in 1957.
Clinical Psychologists
- Clinical psychologists work within teams of other professionals, such as psychiatrists, social workers, and counsellors (MDT: Multidisciplinary Team).
- They do not have the right to prescribe medication.
- Their tasks include:
- Assessing client needs and diagnosing mental disorders
- Cooperating with the team to formulate treatment plans
- Undertaking parts of the treatment plan, such as therapy and advice
DSM-III and DSM-5
- The first draft of DSM-III was prepared in 1980, with many new categories of disorders introduced.
- Field trials sponsored by the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) were conducted between 1977 and 1979 to test the reliability of the new diagnoses.
- DSM-III-R was published in 1987, with significant changes in criteria and the addition of new categories.
- DSM-5, published in 2013, has been criticized for its emphasis on the biological basis of psychological difficulties, medicalization of psychopathology, and reduction of stigma.
Assessment and Diagnosis
- Clinical psychologists use various methods, including clinical interviews, psychometric tests, and self-report methods.
- They rely heavily on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10).
- In the USA, the DSM is standard, while in the UK and Europe, ICD-10 is equally likely to be used.
Criticisms and Alternative Perspectives
- Bentall (1990) argued for a need for care and reconstruction of schizophrenia.
- Barber (2012) proposed recovery as the new medical model for psychiatry.
- Critics argue that the DSM has a heavy emphasis on biological basis, medicalization, and reduction of stigma.
Learn about the roles and responsibilities of clinical psychologists in multidisciplinary teams, including their work with psychiatrists, social workers, and other professionals in the NHS. Discover how teams are led and patient care is managed.
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