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Questions and Answers
Who raised funds to open the York Retreat, a residential treatment center?
Which individual advocated for including case history, ongoing treatment notes, and illness classification in the treatment of mentally ill patients?
Who spread the word about Philippe Pinel's efforts in France in the United States?
What was one of the key aims of William Tuke's York Retreat?
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Which century saw significant societal changes in views towards the mentally ill in Europe?
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What did Philippe Pinel and William Tuke advocate for in relation to mentally ill individuals?
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Who published the Wechsler-Bellevue test for intelligence assessment?
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Which term was proposed by David Wechsler for children's intelligence assessment?
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Who created the first Binet-Simon scale for intelligence testing?
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In what year was the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales revised by Lewis Terman?
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Which intelligence test is based on projective personality assessment using inkblots?
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What concept is endorsed by the Binet-Simon scale?
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Who is considered the 'father of descriptive psychiatry'?
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In Witmer's two-category system of mental illness, what distinguishes neurotic individuals from psychotic individuals?
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Which term did Kraepelin put forth to describe one endogenous disorder similar to schizophrenia?
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In which year was the original DSM published by the American Psychiatric Association?
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Apart from establishing a clinic, what else did Witmer do in 1907?
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What was a key difference between Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and Rorschach test?
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According to Emil Kraepelin, which type of disorders were suggested to be more treatable?
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Which type of test required clients to respond to multiple-choice or true/false questions?
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When were the WISC-III and WISC-IV tests introduced?
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What was a common characteristic of objective personality tests?
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Who developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
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What major historical event occurred in 1896 in relation to Lightner Witmer?
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Which individual worked as a Sunday school teacher and advocated for humane treatment of the mentally ill?
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What was the primary focus of the efforts by Tuke, Pinel, Todd, and Dix?
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Where did Todd open The Retreat in 1824?
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Which statement is true about the efforts of Tuke, Pinel, Todd, and Dix?
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What type of problems did Lightner Witmer and his associates work with in their clinic?
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Study Notes
Early Pioneers in Mental Health
- William Tuke (1732-1822) visited asylums, was appalled by the conditions, and opened the York Retreat, a residential treatment center focused on kindness, dignity, and decency.
- Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) worked to move mentally ill individuals out of dungeons in Paris and advocated for staff to keep case histories, treatment notes, and illness classifications.
- Eli Todd (1769-1833) learned about Pinel's efforts, spread the word, and opened The Retreat in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1824.
- Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) saw the mistreatment of the mentally ill in jails, collected data, and persuaded leaders to improve treatment.
Lightner Witmer and the Founding of Clinical Psychology
- Lightner Witmer (1867-1956) founded the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania in 1896, working with children with learning and behavioral problems.
- Witmer emphasized that clinical psychology could be applied to adults and various problems, not just children and school-related issues.
- He founded the first scholarly journal in the field, The Psychological Clinic, in 1907.
Diagnostic Issues and Systems
- Emil Kraepelin (1855-1926) proposed a two-category system of mental illness: neurosis and psychosis.
- He also categorized disorders as exogenous (caused by external factors) or endogenous (caused by internal factors).
- The first DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) was published in 1952, with revisions in 1968 (DSM-II), 1980 (DSM-III), and subsequent revisions.
Assessment of Intelligence
- Alfred Binet (along with Theodore Simon) created the first Binet-Simon scale in 1905, which yielded a single overall score, endorsing the concept of "g."
- David Wechsler filled the need for a test of intelligence designed specifically for adults with the publication of his Wechsler-Bellevue test in 1939.
- The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales were revised by Lewis Terman in 1937, and later revisions included the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) in 1955, WAIS-R in 1981, WAIS-III in 1997, and WAIS-IV in 2008.
Assessment of Personality
- Hermann Rorschach developed the Rorschach Inkblot Method in 1921, a projective personality test based on the assumption that people will "project" their personalities onto ambiguous stimuli.
- Wechsler released a children's version of his intelligence test, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), in 1949, with revisions including WISC-R in 1974, WISC-III in 1991, WISC-IV in 2003, and WISC-V in 2014.
- Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) in 1935, a projective personality test featuring ambiguous scenes or situations.
- Objective personality tests, such as pencil-and-paper instruments, emerged soon after projectives, with scoring and interpretation being more straightforward.
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Description
Explore key figures and developments in the history of clinical psychology, including the contributions of Witmer and the establishment of the first scholarly journal in the field. Learn about early diagnostic categorization systems in mental health.
