Clinical Neuroscience Course Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which term describes the direction towards the front of the brain?

Rostral (correct)

Dorsal

Inferior

Caudal

What is the primary purpose of a CT scan?

To measure blood flow in the brain

To visualize changes in proton spin

To enhance neural activity using radiation

To provide multiple views of cross-sectional slices (correct)

What density is assigned to water in Hounsfield units?

1200

0 (correct)

-800

In which clinical situations is Magnetic Resonance Imaging most useful?

Cerebrovascular accidents and tumors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of contrast enhancement in CT scans?

It increases visibility of certain tissues and abnormalities Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between T1 and T2 in MRI imaging?

T1 is associated with vertical spin relaxation, whereas T2 relates to horizontal spin relaxation. Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique is specifically designed to study areas of the brain active during sensory or motor tasks?

Blood Oxygen Level Dependent functional MRI (BOLD fMRI) Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic differentiates oxy-hemoglobin from deoxy-hemoglobin in MRI?

They differ magnetically, influencing image intensity. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding T1 and T2 MRI images?

T1 is typically used for anatomical imaging, whereas T2 is used for functional imaging. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in brain imaging?

To image functional processes by using radioactively tagged substances. Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

Cerebrum, Thalamus, and Medulla Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique provides functional views of the brain?

PET Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the reading quizzes in the course?

To provide open-book assessments on Moodle Signup and view all the answers

What structure is comprised of the midbrain, pons, and medulla?

Brainstem Signup and view all the answers

Which module focuses on the sensory aspects of neurobiology?

Systems Neuroscience I Signup and view all the answers

What is the total point value for reading quizzes in the course?

50 points Signup and view all the answers

How many examinations are conducted per module?

One exam Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is primarily responsible for support and protection in the nervous system?

Glial cells Signup and view all the answers

What type of imaging revealed abnormal signaling in the peri-ventricular white matter?

MRI Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom did the patient exhibit approximately 2 years after her initial episode?

Abrupt loss of vision in the right eye Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of microfilaments within neurons?

Cell-cell signaling and structural support Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of the plaques found in patients with multiple sclerosis?

Areas of de-myelination Signup and view all the answers

In axonal transport, which motor protein is responsible for retrograde transport?

Dynein Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial neurological revelation during the physical examination?

Moderate left weakness and loss of vibratory sense Signup and view all the answers

Which type of glial cell is primarily responsible for the production of myelin in the central nervous system?

Oligodendrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What was the patient's symptom when she attempted to pick things up at age 34?

Tremor Signup and view all the answers

What clinical assessment is suggested by the random distribution of plaques in multiple sclerosis?

Variable nature of clinical signs and symptoms Signup and view all the answers

How do astrocytes contribute to neuronal function?

By neurotransmitter uptake and potassium regulation Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes glial cell tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme?

They are reactive proliferations of glial cells Signup and view all the answers

What did the MRI of the spine reveal in conjunction with the MRI of the head?

Similar areas of signal abnormality within the spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What treatment was the patient administered after experiencing vision loss in her right eye?

Corticosteroids Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of microglia in the central nervous system?

Act as resident tissue phagocytes responding to injury Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the role of nodes of Ranvier?

Locations where ion channels are concentrated Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes astrocytes from other types of glial cells?

They are the most numerous glial cells and help form the BBB Signup and view all the answers

What structure in a neuron is primarily responsible for initiating action potentials?

Axon hillock Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ion channels are involved in the transduction of signals in neurons?

Voltage-gated channels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in neurons?

Synthesis of proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of multipolar neurons?

Multiple processes extending from the cell body Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the mitochondria within a neuron?

Metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the neuron is responsible for the propagation of electrical signals?

Axon Signup and view all the answers

What correctly describes the function of Nodes of Ranvier?

Regions that facilitate saltatory conduction Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurotransmitter release occurs at synaptic boutons?

Voltage-sensitive release Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of pseudo-unipolar neurons?

They have a single axon that branches Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of synaptic proteins in neurons?

Release and uptake of neurotransmitters Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lecture 011425

Course Description includes lectures, objectives, exams, and grading, plus the Moodle website.
Divisions and Orientation covers CNS and PNS, as well as planes of section.
Imaging discusses anatomical views (MRI, CT) and functional views (PET, fMRI).
Cells of the Nervous System are explored, including neurons and glial cells.
A case study on Multiple Sclerosis is included.

Course Information

Moodle is the course's online platform for lectures, labs (BIOL 4460/5560 01, PT 5502, OT 5502 01 02: Clinical Neuroscience (JGroome), BIOL 4415L/5515L), plus a link to recorded lectures within "General".
Weekly posts use PowerPoint presentations in PDF format.
Each module has learning objectives as well as vocabulary and concepts.
Labs include objectives and dissections using Atlas Images.
Reading quizzes (10 total, 50 points each) are done on Moodle and are open book.
Missed reading quizzes can be replaced with a generated quiz.

Examinations

Exams are one per module, 100 points each, and non-cumulative.
Remidiation is possible for Exam ONE only, with a maximum score of 75%.
The final exam is the fourth midterm exam and is non-cumulative.

Modules

Modules cover Neurobiology, Neurophysiology & Development, Neuroanatomy, Systems Neuroscience I (sensory pathways), and Systems Neuroscience II (motor and integrative pathways).

Emphases

Emphasize mechanisms, pathways, pathology, and case studies, specifically for Module I.

Basic Divisions of the Nervous System

Central Nervous System (CNS): The cerebrum, thalamus, midbrain, pons, cerebellum, medulla, and spinal cord are discussed. Brainstem is composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Spinal nerves and autonomic nerves are covered.

Planes of Section

Sagittal: A midline, longitudinal section.
Axial: A horizontal section.
Coronal: A perpendicular section to the long axis.

Computerized Tomography (CT) Scans

X-ray beams rotate around the patient, creating several views of each slice.
Different densities like air, blood, bone and brain are distinguished.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Two coils are used to change the proton spin and allow alterations to relax, thus measuring time to relaxation (T1, T2 values).
T2 (horizontal spin relaxation) and T1 (vertical spin relaxation) differ based on tissue type.

BOLD fMRI (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent fMRI)

BOLD fMRI measures changes in blood oxygenation in the brain.
More oxy-hemoglobin in specific brain areas indicates increased blood flow.
This method is used to study brain activity during sensory or motor tasks.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Radioactively tagged substances are injected into the brain to measure changes in blood flow and glucose metabolism.
Labels are used for specific receptors to identify activity.
Measures blood flow changes, and glucose metabolism changes.

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)

SPECT uses a wider variety of isotopes to examine specific brain areas than PET, but with less spatial resolution.

Neurons - Functional Morphology and Neurophysiology

Input Zone: Includes apical and basal dendrites, and the soma (cell body).
Trigger Zone: Comprises the axon hillock, spike initiation zone, and the initial segment.
Propagation Zone: Includes the axon, myelin sheath, and Nodes of Ranvier, and collateral branches.
Output Zone: Contains the axon terminal and synaptic boutons, and synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter (NT).

Types of Neurons

Unipolar/pseudounipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar (e.g., pyramidal, Purkinje, stellate, granule)

Neuronal Organelles

plasma membrane: signaling
cytoskeletal elements: transport, architecture, signaling
nucleus: genetic control center
rough ER/ribosomes: protein synthesis
smooth ER: protein modifications
Golgi apparatus: protein modification and packaging
mitochondria: energy metabolism, ATP generation

Neurophysiology (Module I)

Includes aspects of plasma membrane, electrical signaling, dendritic arbor, spines, axon hillock/myelinated cable, axon terminals, synaptic boutons; also, protein pumps for ion concentration gradients (e.g., sodium-potassium pump, calcium pumps), ion channels for electrical gradients (non-gated and gated by stimuli), synaptic proteins for NT release/uptake, and receptor proteins for transduction of signal (ionotropic and metabotropic channels).

Neuronal Transport

Nucleus codes for Messenger RNA (mRNA).
Rough ER performs ribosomal protein synthesis.
Smooth ER and Golgi modify and package proteins (lipids, hormones).
Microtubules & neurofilaments transport within the cell body & neurites, organelles, vesicular neurotransmitters, and enzymes.
Transmitters can be synthesized in soma/terminal regions depending on their type.

Neurofilaments and Microtubules

Neurofilaments: 10 nm intermediate filaments, forming the cytoskeleton's architecture.
Microtubules: Composed of α/β tubulin, involved in axonal transport and cell division.

Axonal trafficking (microtubule-based)

Anterograde transport (toward terminals): Kinesin.
Retrograde transport (toward soma): Dynein.

Glial Cells

Microglia: Resident phagocytic macrophages, responding to injury, infection, scavenging debris.
Macroglia (CNS): Oligodendrocytes and astrocytes.
Macroglia (PNS): Schwann cells.
Gliosis: Reactive glial cell proliferation, associated with glial cell tumors. Examples of glial cell tumors include astrocytoma, glioblastoma multiforme, oligodendrocytoma, ependymoma, and schwannoma.

Glial Cell Functions

Astrocytes take up excess extracellular potassium and released neurotransmitters, contributing to the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells produce the myelin sheath crucial for saltatory conduction in both central (oligodendrocytes) and peripheral (Schwann cells) nervous systems.
They aid in neuronal framework and migration during development.

Astrocytes

Most numerous glial cells.
End feet induce the blood-brain barrier in endothelial junctions.
Important in potassium and neurotransmitter uptake.

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

Central myelination: Oligodendrocyte.
Peripheral myelination: Schwann cell.
Glial cell membranes are interrupted at the Nodes of Ranvier for sodium and potassium channels.

Case Study: Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A 28-year-old woman presents with weakness, numbness, tingling in her left leg; physical examination reveals moderate left weakness and loss of vibratory/positional sense in her legs; MRI shows abnormal signal in the peri-ventricular white matter; initially improved but later experiences abrupt vision loss, vision gradually improves; then develops tremor, balance problems, speaking difficulties, transient vision problems (dysarthria, diplopia). The white matter contains plaques of demyelination (gelatinous discoloration)

Brain/Multiple Sclerosis MRI and Gross Coronal section

MRI scan shows abnormal signal/plaques in peri-ventricular white matter, suggestive of multiple sclerosis.
Gross examination of white matter reveals multiple, scattered (randomly distributed) areas of demyelination (gray, gelatinous discoloration), corresponding with clinical signs/symptoms.

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Description

This quiz covers the major topics in Clinical Neuroscience, including the structure and function of the central and peripheral nervous systems, imaging techniques, and cellular components of the nervous system. Additionally, it includes a case study on Multiple Sclerosis. Prepare to demonstrate your understanding of these crucial concepts.