Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of atrial septal defect is the most common?
Which type of atrial septal defect is the most common?
- Atrial septal defects are equally common in all types
- Ostium secundum defect (correct)
- Sinus venosus defect
- Ostium primum defect
What is the major consequence of all types of atrial septal defects?
What is the major consequence of all types of atrial septal defects?
- Dilated left heart chambers
- Pulmonary hypertension (correct)
- Aortic stenosis
- Systemic circulation resistance
Which area is affected by ostium primum defect?
Which area is affected by ostium primum defect?
- Near the orifice of the inferior vena cava
- Superior to the fossa ovalis near the orifice of the superior vena cava
- In the area inferior to the fossa ovalis (correct)
- In the area of the fossa ovalis
What can follow the development of pulmonary hypertension in atrial septal defects?
What can follow the development of pulmonary hypertension in atrial septal defects?
What is the reason for lower resistance to blood flow across the atrial septal defect with left-to-right shunt?
What is the reason for lower resistance to blood flow across the atrial septal defect with left-to-right shunt?
When does pulmonary hypertension usually develop in patients with atrial septal defects?
When does pulmonary hypertension usually develop in patients with atrial septal defects?
Which imaging technique is most valuable for delineating the shunt in patients with a larger ductal defect?
Which imaging technique is most valuable for delineating the shunt in patients with a larger ductal defect?
What is a significant complication associated with Coarctation of the Aorta in patients in the second and third decades?
What is a significant complication associated with Coarctation of the Aorta in patients in the second and third decades?
What is a common manifestation of Coarctation of the Aorta in older children?
What is a common manifestation of Coarctation of the Aorta in older children?
In which patients is prophylaxis against infective endocarditis appropriate?
In which patients is prophylaxis against infective endocarditis appropriate?
What is the most likely finding on ECG for patients with Coarctation of the Aorta?
What is the most likely finding on ECG for patients with Coarctation of the Aorta?
What kind of defect characterizes Tetralogy of Fallot?
What kind of defect characterizes Tetralogy of Fallot?
What is a common radiological finding associated with Coarctation of the Aorta?
What is a common radiological finding associated with Coarctation of the Aorta?
Which diagnostic test demonstrates LA and LV hypertension and a significant systolic pressure across the coarctation?
Which diagnostic test demonstrates LA and LV hypertension and a significant systolic pressure across the coarctation?
What is present in approximately half of patients with Coarctation of the Aorta?
What is present in approximately half of patients with Coarctation of the Aorta?
What is indicated in cases where patients do not respond dramatically to decongestive measures for Coarctation of the Aorta?
What is indicated in cases where patients do not respond dramatically to decongestive measures for Coarctation of the Aorta?
What is an important feature of Tetralogy of Fallot's pathology?
What is an important feature of Tetralogy of Fallot's pathology?
Which test offers diagnostic confirmation through Doppler flow pattern and gradient estimates for Coarctation of the Aorta?
Which test offers diagnostic confirmation through Doppler flow pattern and gradient estimates for Coarctation of the Aorta?
What is the typical age at which most cases of tetralogy of Fallot are recognized due to cyanosis?
What is the typical age at which most cases of tetralogy of Fallot are recognized due to cyanosis?
Which symptom is common in individuals with tetralogy of Fallot?
Which symptom is common in individuals with tetralogy of Fallot?
What is the term used for attacks of suddenly increasing cyanosis and hyperpnea that occur in infants and young children with tetralogy of Fallot?
What is the term used for attacks of suddenly increasing cyanosis and hyperpnea that occur in infants and young children with tetralogy of Fallot?
In individuals with tetralogy of Fallot, what is seen in those with cyanosis of more than 3 months’ duration?
In individuals with tetralogy of Fallot, what is seen in those with cyanosis of more than 3 months’ duration?
What type of murmur is usually audible at the left midsternal border in individuals with tetralogy of Fallot?
What type of murmur is usually audible at the left midsternal border in individuals with tetralogy of Fallot?
What is characteristic in the chest X-ray of individuals with tetralogy of Fallot during childhood?
What is characteristic in the chest X-ray of individuals with tetralogy of Fallot during childhood?
Which condition is confirmed by the presence of a large ventricular septal defect with right-to-left shunting and delineation of the severity and location of the right ventricular outflow tract obstruction?
Which condition is confirmed by the presence of a large ventricular septal defect with right-to-left shunting and delineation of the severity and location of the right ventricular outflow tract obstruction?
Which structural components can be demonstrated using echocardiography in tetralogy of Fallot?
Which structural components can be demonstrated using echocardiography in tetralogy of Fallot?
What should be frequently evaluated to avoid the development of severe polycythemia or relative anemia in individuals with tetralogy of Fallot?
What should be frequently evaluated to avoid the development of severe polycythemia or relative anemia in individuals with tetralogy of Fallot?
What is common in individuals with tetralogy of Fallot due to complications of cyanosis and polycythemia?
What is common in individuals with tetralogy of Fallot due to complications of cyanosis and polycythemia?
What position is used for treating hypoxic spells in individuals with tetralogy of Fallot?
What position is used for treating hypoxic spells in individuals with tetralogy of Fallot?
What intervention is indicated at any age for patients with progressive symptoms?
What intervention is indicated at any age for patients with progressive symptoms?
Which murmur is most likely to be heard in patients with ostium primum defects?
Which murmur is most likely to be heard in patients with ostium primum defects?
Which diagnostic test may identify patients with increased pulmonary arterial resistance and shunt reversal in atrial septal defect (ASD)?
Which diagnostic test may identify patients with increased pulmonary arterial resistance and shunt reversal in atrial septal defect (ASD)?
What is considered the standard of care to guide closure of interatrial communications?
What is considered the standard of care to guide closure of interatrial communications?
What is characteristic of the electrocardiogram in atrial septal defect (ASD)?
What is characteristic of the electrocardiogram in atrial septal defect (ASD)?
What is recommended for closure just prior to school age for patients with a significant shunt with a flow ratio Qp/Qs of 1.5:1?
What is recommended for closure just prior to school age for patients with a significant shunt with a flow ratio Qp/Qs of 1.5:1?
What type of VSD is classified as the most common type?
What type of VSD is classified as the most common type?
Which functional alteration depends on the size of the ventricular septal defect (VSD)?
Which functional alteration depends on the size of the ventricular septal defect (VSD)?
Which of the following is a common complication associated with atrial septal defect (ASD)?
Which of the following is a common complication associated with atrial septal defect (ASD)?
What may be necessary to determine detailed hemodynamics in patients with atrial septal defect (ASD)?
What may be necessary to determine detailed hemodynamics in patients with atrial septal defect (ASD)?
What may be necessary if pulmonary hypertension is present in patients with atrial septal defect (ASD)?
What may be necessary if pulmonary hypertension is present in patients with atrial septal defect (ASD)?
Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of VSD?
Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of VSD?
What is a common clinical manifestation associated with PDA?
What is a common clinical manifestation associated with PDA?
What is the typical finding in infants with VSD?
What is the typical finding in infants with VSD?
What is a common physical examination finding in infants with PDA?
What is a common physical examination finding in infants with PDA?
What diagnostic test permits visualization of most VSD defects of significant size?
What diagnostic test permits visualization of most VSD defects of significant size?
What is a potential complication associated with large VSD defects?
What is a potential complication associated with large VSD defects?
What is a significant volume overload on the right side of the heart associated with?
What is a significant volume overload on the right side of the heart associated with?
What condition may result from large VSD defects?
What condition may result from large VSD defects?
