Clinical Implications of VC and AC-VC

A ventilation mode that delivers a preset number of breaths per minute and assists any additional breaths initiated by the patient.

A mode that delivers mandatory breaths at a preset rate but synchronizes them with patient effort, allowing spontaneous breaths in between.

A mode that provides no mandatory breaths and only augments the patient's spontaneous respiratory effort.

A CSV mode that delivers a set level of pressure support to the patient's spontaneous breaths, with inspiratory flow, time, and tidal volume determined by patient effort.

Guarantees tidal volume but risks high or injurious lung pressures. Suitable for ARDS or obesity.

It controls airway pressure but does not guarantee tidal volume, making it useful for patients with high respiratory drive.

A method that combines volume and pressure strategies to deliver breaths, such as pressure-regulated volume control (PRVC).

A dual-control mode that delivers a specific tidal volume while minimizing airway pressure.

Combines the benefits of volume control (guaranteed tidal volume) and pressure control (minimized airway pressure).

It still risks high airway pressures if lung compliance changes and does not offer significant advantages over traditional VC or PC in all cases.

Tidal volume, inspiratory flow, PEEP, RR.

Target pressure, inspiratory time, PEEP, RR.

Pressure or volume control, PEEP, RR (backup rate).

Level of pressure support, PEEP.

Tidal volume, respiratory rate (RR), inspiratory flow pattern, inspiratory time.

Pressure target, inspiratory time, respiratory rate (RR), positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP).

Peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), end-inspiratory alveolar pressure.

Tidal volume, inspiratory flow rate.

Paralyzed or deeply sedated patients, or those with intermittent spontaneous respiratory effort.

Similar to AC-VC, but with pressure control.

Patients with regular but poor spontaneous respiratory effort.

Spontaneously breathing patients with good respiratory effort, requiring minimal ventilatory support.

Alert, spontaneously breathing patients with reversible respiratory distress (e.g., COPD, ACPE).

Similar to CPAP, but with alternating pressures during inspiration and expiration.

Reduces the risk of hyperventilation and air trapping by providing pressure or volume support for additional patient-initiated breaths.

A noninvasive oxygen delivery system that provides high-flow, humidified oxygen, often exceeding 60 L/min.

Matches patient inspiratory flow, washes out dead space, allows independent titration of FiO2 and flow rate, and provides mild PEEP (1-3 cm H₂O).

Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure without significant hypercarbia, in patients who do not require supplementary intrathoracic pressure.

Patients without a patent upper airway, depressed mental status, facial injury, inability to manage secretions, or respiratory arrest.

The delivery of CSV via a sealed mask rather than an endotracheal tube.

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and bilevel positive airway pressure (BL-PAP or BiPAP).

CPAP provides constant pressure throughout the respiratory cycle, while BL-PAP alternates between higher pressure during inspiration (IPAP) and lower pressure during expiration (EPAP).

It acts as positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to maintain functional residual capacity (FRC) and alveolar recruitment.

The maintenance of positive airway pressure after passive exhalation during mechanical ventilation.

Increases functional residual capacity (FRC), improves oxygenation, prevents alveolar collapse, and reduces ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI).

Can reduce venous return, decrease cardiac output, and cause lung overdistention or pneumothorax.

PEEP that results from incomplete exhalation between breaths, often due to improper ventilator settings.