20 Questions
What is the most common form of anaemia?
Iron deficiency anaemia
Which condition is caused by the body's production of autoantibodies attacking the parietal cell in the stomach?
Pernicious anaemia
What causes macrocytic anaemia?
Vitamin B12 and Folate deficiency
Which type of anaemia is characterized by obvious central pallor and target cells in the appearance of RBCs in blood film?
Microcytic anaemia
What is the definition of anaemia?
Condition in which there is a deficiency of haemoglobin or RBCs
What are the clinical features of anaemia?
Fatigue, weakness, and poor concentration
In severe anaemia, what symptom may occur due to the body trying to increase oxygenation?
Palpitations
How is the classification of anaemia based on morphology?
Based on the size and colour of RBCs in blood film
What is the inherited deficiency of von Willebrand factor (vWF) required for?
Platelets to bind to blood vessel walls
Which condition is an acquired cause of coagulation disorders?
Liver disease
What is the most common cause of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?
Sepsis
What does triggering factors in Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) cause an increase in, resulting in the initiation of coagulation?
Tissue factor
Which type of leukaemia affects older adults and has similar clinical features with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia?
Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)
Which leukaemia primarily affects children and adolescents, and is the most common malignancy in children?
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)
What is the characteristic genetic abnormality associated with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)?
Translocation of chromosomes 9 and 22
What is the main cause of thrombocytopenia due to decreased production of platelets?
Radiation
What is the main function of Erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs)?
To treat anemia caused by various conditions
What is a common side effect of iron administration?
Staining of teeth
What is the main purpose of administering Folic acid?
To treat folic acid deficiency
What is the characteristic feature of Chronic Leukemia (CLL)?
Slow production of abnormal white blood cells
Study Notes
- Cytotoxic viral infections can cause anemia, cancer, and other clinical features.
- Lowered Red Blood Cell (RBC) count results in breathlessness and fatigue.
- Lowered White Blood Cell (WBC) count increases risk of infections.
- Lowered Platelet count increases risk of bleeding.
- Erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) are used to treat anemia caused by various conditions, including end-stage renal disease, chemotherapy, and HIV.
- ESAs include Epoetin Alfa (Epogen), which is a biosynthetic form of the natural hormone erythropoietin, and longer-acting form known as darbepoetin.
- ESAs have contraindications, such as drug allergies, uncontrolled hypertension, head and neck cancer, and risk of thrombosis.
- Iron is essential for erythropoiesis and is administered to alleviate symptoms of iron deficiency anemia, but the underlying cause of the anemia should be treated.
- Iron is available as oral and injectable preparations, and common side effects include GI disorders, staining of teeth, pain upon injection, and iron toxicity.
- Folic acid is a water-soluble B complex vitamin that is essential for erythropoiesis and is used to treat folic acid deficiency, during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects, and in malabsorption syndromes.
- Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) is used to treat pernicious anemia and other megaloblastic anemias and is typically given by deep intramuscular injection.
- Leukemia is a malignant disease that arises from bone marrow stem cells and is more common in males and females.
- Risk factors for leukemia include chromosomal abnormalities, chemotherapy, ionizing radiation, and chemical agents.
- Epidemiology of leukemia includes an increased incidence in older adults and a higher incidence in males compared to females.
- The American Cancer Society estimates that there will be approximately 60,000 new cases of leukemia and 24,000 deaths from the disease in the US in 2021.
- Acute leukemia (ALL) and chronic leukemia (CLL) are the two main types of leukemia.
- ALL is characterized by the rapid production of abnormal white blood cells, which can crowd out healthy cells and disrupt normal blood function.
- CLL is characterized by the slow production of abnormal white blood cells, which gradually accumulate over time and can lead to a variety of complications.
- Treatment for leukemia includes chemotherapy, radiation therapy, bone marrow transplant, and targeted therapy.
- Prognosis for leukemia depends on the type and stage of the disease, age and overall health of the patient, and response to treatment.
Test your knowledge of clinical features and antianaemics with this quiz. Explore cytotoxic effects, viral infections, cancer, radiation, and the use of antianaemic drugs, erythropoiesis stimulating agents, minerals, and vitamins.
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