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Questions and Answers
What is the main characteristic of normocytic anemia?
What is the main characteristic of normocytic anemia?
What is the main clinical feature of severe anemia?
What is the main clinical feature of severe anemia?
What is the main reason for palpitations in severe anemia?
What is the main reason for palpitations in severe anemia?
What is the classification of anemia based on the size of RBCs?
What is the classification of anemia based on the size of RBCs?
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How does severe anemia lead to heart failure?
How does severe anemia lead to heart failure?
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What is the main symptom of anaemia that may be non-specific?
What is the main symptom of anaemia that may be non-specific?
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What is the main cause of breathlessness in severe anaemia?
What is the main cause of breathlessness in severe anaemia?
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What is the main sign indicating low hemoglobin in anaemia?
What is the main sign indicating low hemoglobin in anaemia?
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Which type of leukaemia affects older adults and has similar clinical features to acute lymphoblastic leukaemia?
Which type of leukaemia affects older adults and has similar clinical features to acute lymphoblastic leukaemia?
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What is the main cause of thrombocytopenia?
What is the main cause of thrombocytopenia?
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Which bleeding disorder is characterized by petechiae and purpura?
Which bleeding disorder is characterized by petechiae and purpura?
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Which type of leukaemia is most common in children and adolescents?
Which type of leukaemia is most common in children and adolescents?
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Which gene is found in high levels in tumour cells of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and inhibits cell death?
Which gene is found in high levels in tumour cells of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and inhibits cell death?
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What causes easy bruising and spontaneous bleeding in hemophilia?
What causes easy bruising and spontaneous bleeding in hemophilia?
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What are the main characteristics of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)?
What are the main characteristics of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)?
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What is the main characteristic of acute leukaemia?
What is the main characteristic of acute leukaemia?
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Which type of anaemia is characterized by the appearance of RBCs with obvious central pallor?
Which type of anaemia is characterized by the appearance of RBCs with obvious central pallor?
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Which condition is caused by the failure of the bone marrow to produce RBCs, and can affect all blood cells?
Which condition is caused by the failure of the bone marrow to produce RBCs, and can affect all blood cells?
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Which condition is most likely to be autoimmune and accounts for 50% of cases with an unknown cause?
Which condition is most likely to be autoimmune and accounts for 50% of cases with an unknown cause?
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Which type of anaemia is caused by decreased production of RBCs and requires iron, Vitamin B12, and folate for haemoglobin synthesis?
Which type of anaemia is caused by decreased production of RBCs and requires iron, Vitamin B12, and folate for haemoglobin synthesis?
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Which type of anaemia is most commonly caused by defective cell shapes such as thalassemia, sickle cell anaemia, and spherocytosis?
Which type of anaemia is most commonly caused by defective cell shapes such as thalassemia, sickle cell anaemia, and spherocytosis?
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Which clinical feature is associated with pernicious anaemia?
Which clinical feature is associated with pernicious anaemia?
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Which disorder is an inherited deficiency of von Willebrand factor (vWF)?
Which disorder is an inherited deficiency of von Willebrand factor (vWF)?
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What is the acquired cause of coagulation disorders characterized by dietary insufficiency, vitamin K deficiency, and liver disease?
What is the acquired cause of coagulation disorders characterized by dietary insufficiency, vitamin K deficiency, and liver disease?
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What is the most common cause of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
What is the most common cause of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
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What triggers the increase in tissue factor and endotoxins in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
What triggers the increase in tissue factor and endotoxins in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
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What results from the widespread clotting that exceeds the capability of the body’s anti-coagulants in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
What results from the widespread clotting that exceeds the capability of the body’s anti-coagulants in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
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What is the mechanism responsible for causing vessel wall abnormalities in various clinical conditions?
What is the mechanism responsible for causing vessel wall abnormalities in various clinical conditions?
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What is characterized by vasculitis, purpuric rash, and arthritis due to the deposition of antibody complexes in blood vessel walls and joints?
What is characterized by vasculitis, purpuric rash, and arthritis due to the deposition of antibody complexes in blood vessel walls and joints?
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What causes vessel wall abnormalities that do not usually cause serious bleeding problems in various clinical conditions?
What causes vessel wall abnormalities that do not usually cause serious bleeding problems in various clinical conditions?
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Which clinical condition usually occurs in children and is characterized by vasculitis, purpuric rash, and arthritis due to the deposition of antibody complexes in blood vessel walls and joints?
Which clinical condition usually occurs in children and is characterized by vasculitis, purpuric rash, and arthritis due to the deposition of antibody complexes in blood vessel walls and joints?
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Which medication can be used for the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency syndrome?
Which medication can be used for the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency syndrome?
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What can be a contraindication for using Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs)?
What can be a contraindication for using Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs)?
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What is the primary use of Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)?
What is the primary use of Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)?
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What is the primary use of Folic acid?
What is the primary use of Folic acid?
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What are the indications for Epoetin Alfa (Epogen)?
What are the indications for Epoetin Alfa (Epogen)?
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What are the adverse effects of iron?
What are the adverse effects of iron?
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What are the nursing implications for iron?
What are the nursing implications for iron?
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What are the clinical features of cytotoxic viral infections that can lead to cancer?
What are the clinical features of cytotoxic viral infections that can lead to cancer?
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What medication is indicated for anaemia caused by chemotherapy-induced?
What medication is indicated for anaemia caused by chemotherapy-induced?
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What is the primary cause of breathlessness in severe anaemia?
What is the primary cause of breathlessness in severe anaemia?
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What is the main reason for palpitations in severe anemia?
What is the main reason for palpitations in severe anemia?
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What results from the widespread clotting that exceeds the capability of the body’s anti-coagulants in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
What results from the widespread clotting that exceeds the capability of the body’s anti-coagulants in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
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What are the nursing implications for iron?
What are the nursing implications for iron?
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What is the main characteristic of normocytic anemia?
What is the main characteristic of normocytic anemia?
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Which type of leukaemia is most common in children and adolescents?
Which type of leukaemia is most common in children and adolescents?
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What is characterized by vasculitis, purpuric rash, and arthritis due to the deposition of antibody complexes in blood vessel walls and joints?
What is characterized by vasculitis, purpuric rash, and arthritis due to the deposition of antibody complexes in blood vessel walls and joints?
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Which clinical feature is associated with erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs)?
Which clinical feature is associated with erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs)?
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Which type of leukaemia is most common in adults and affects B cells?
Which type of leukaemia is most common in adults and affects B cells?
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What is the primary use of Darbepoetin, a longer-acting form of Epoetin Alfa?
What is the primary use of Darbepoetin, a longer-acting form of Epoetin Alfa?
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What is the primary cause of purpura, ecchymosis, and bleeding from mucosal membranes in bleeding disorders?
What is the primary cause of purpura, ecchymosis, and bleeding from mucosal membranes in bleeding disorders?
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Which adverse effect is associated with oral forms of iron?
Which adverse effect is associated with oral forms of iron?
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What is the main cause of acute ITP (Immune thrombocytopenic purpura)?
What is the main cause of acute ITP (Immune thrombocytopenic purpura)?
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What are the nursing implications for Folic acid?
What are the nursing implications for Folic acid?
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Which clotting factor deficiency results in easy bruising and spontaneous bleeding?
Which clotting factor deficiency results in easy bruising and spontaneous bleeding?
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Which medication can be given intranasally or by deep intramuscular injection for the treatment of pernicious anaemia?
Which medication can be given intranasally or by deep intramuscular injection for the treatment of pernicious anaemia?
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What is the indication for using iron in parenteral forms?
What is the indication for using iron in parenteral forms?
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What is the main cause of thrombocytopenia due to increased removal of platelets?
What is the main cause of thrombocytopenia due to increased removal of platelets?
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Which clotting factor deficiency is characteristic of Von Willebrand’s disease?
Which clotting factor deficiency is characteristic of Von Willebrand’s disease?
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What causes vessel wall abnormalities and bleeding problems in various clinical conditions?
What causes vessel wall abnormalities and bleeding problems in various clinical conditions?
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What is the main characteristic of normocytic anemia?
What is the main characteristic of normocytic anemia?
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Which type of anaemia is characterized by the appearance of RBCs with obvious central pallor?
Which type of anaemia is characterized by the appearance of RBCs with obvious central pallor?
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What is the main cause of breathlessness in severe anaemia?
What is the main cause of breathlessness in severe anaemia?
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What causes vessel wall abnormalities that do not usually cause serious bleeding problems in various clinical conditions?
What causes vessel wall abnormalities that do not usually cause serious bleeding problems in various clinical conditions?
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What is the main characteristic of acute leukaemia?
What is the main characteristic of acute leukaemia?
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Which type of anaemia is most commonly caused by defective cell shapes such as thalassemia, sickle cell anaemia, and spherocytosis?
Which type of anaemia is most commonly caused by defective cell shapes such as thalassemia, sickle cell anaemia, and spherocytosis?
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What is the main symptom of anaemia that may be non-specific?
What is the main symptom of anaemia that may be non-specific?
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What triggers the increase in tissue factor and endotoxins in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
What triggers the increase in tissue factor and endotoxins in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
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What can be a contraindication for using Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs)?
What can be a contraindication for using Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs)?
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What is the acquired cause of coagulation disorders characterized by dietary insufficiency, vitamin K deficiency, and liver disease?
What is the acquired cause of coagulation disorders characterized by dietary insufficiency, vitamin K deficiency, and liver disease?
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Which clinical condition is characterized by vasculitis, purpuric rash, and arthritis due to the deposition of antibody complexes in blood vessel walls and joints?
Which clinical condition is characterized by vasculitis, purpuric rash, and arthritis due to the deposition of antibody complexes in blood vessel walls and joints?
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What triggers the increase in tissue factor and endotoxins in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
What triggers the increase in tissue factor and endotoxins in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
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What can cause joint deformities over time?
What can cause joint deformities over time?
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What results from the widespread clotting that exceeds the capability of the body’s anti-coagulants in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
What results from the widespread clotting that exceeds the capability of the body’s anti-coagulants in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
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Which type of anaemia is most commonly caused by defective cell shapes such as thalassemia, sickle cell anaemia, and spherocytosis?
Which type of anaemia is most commonly caused by defective cell shapes such as thalassemia, sickle cell anaemia, and spherocytosis?
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Which medication can be used for the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency syndrome?
Which medication can be used for the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency syndrome?
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Study Notes
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Cytotoxic viral infections can lead to cancer and have clinical features such as lower Red Blood Cell (RBC) count, breathlessness, and fatigue, lower White Blood Cell (WBC) count, increased risk of infections, and lower Platelet count with increased risk of bleeding.
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Antianaemic drugs include Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs) and minerals/vitamins like Iron, Folic acid, and Vitamin B12.
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ESAs include Epoetin Alfa (Epogen), a biosynthetic form of natural hormone erythropoietin, and its longer-acting form Darbepoetin. Indications include anaemia caused by end-stage renal disease, chemotherapy-induced, and anaemia associated with zidovudine.
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Contraindications for ESAs include drug allergy, uncontrolled hypertension, head and neck cancer, and risk of thrombosis.
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Iron is used for prevention and treatment of iron deficiency syndrome and is available in oral or parenteral forms. Oral forms can cause tooth staining and GI symptoms, while parenteral forms can cause pain upon injection and iron toxicity.
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Adverse effects of iron include paediatric poisoning, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, abdominal cramps, and pain, black tarry stools, and injection site pain.
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Nursing implications for iron include contraindications for patients with peptic ulcer disease, ulcerative colitis, liver disease, and GI disorders, keeping away from children, following manufacturer guidelines on dilution and administration, instructing patients to take through a straw and remain upright thereto prevent oesophageal corrosion, and encouraging patients to eat foods high in iron/folic acid.
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Folic acid is a water-soluble B complex vitamin essential for erythropoiesis and has primary uses in folic acid deficiency, during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects, and in malabsorption syndromes. It should not be used until the actual cause of anaemia is determined as it may mask symptoms of pernicious anaemia.
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Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) is used to treat pernicious anaemia and other megaloblastic anaemias and can be given orally, intranasally, or by deep intramuscular injection.
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Lecture 3 focuses on Leukaemia, a malignant disease arising from bone marrow stem cells, which is more common in males and females, with risk factors including chromosomal abnormalities, chemotherapy, ionizing radiation, and chemical agents.
-
Cytotoxic viral infections can lead to cancer and have clinical features such as lower Red Blood Cell (RBC) count, breathlessness, and fatigue, lower White Blood Cell (WBC) count, increased risk of infections, and lower Platelet count with increased risk of bleeding.
-
Antianaemic drugs include Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs) and minerals/vitamins like Iron, Folic acid, and Vitamin B12.
-
ESAs include Epoetin Alfa (Epogen), a biosynthetic form of natural hormone erythropoietin, and its longer-acting form Darbepoetin. Indications include anaemia caused by end-stage renal disease, chemotherapy-induced, and anaemia associated with zidovudine.
-
Contraindications for ESAs include drug allergy, uncontrolled hypertension, head and neck cancer, and risk of thrombosis.
-
Iron is used for prevention and treatment of iron deficiency syndrome and is available in oral or parenteral forms. Oral forms can cause tooth staining and GI symptoms, while parenteral forms can cause pain upon injection and iron toxicity.
-
Adverse effects of iron include paediatric poisoning, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, abdominal cramps, and pain, black tarry stools, and injection site pain.
-
Nursing implications for iron include contraindications for patients with peptic ulcer disease, ulcerative colitis, liver disease, and GI disorders, keeping away from children, following manufacturer guidelines on dilution and administration, instructing patients to take through a straw and remain upright thereto prevent oesophageal corrosion, and encouraging patients to eat foods high in iron/folic acid.
-
Folic acid is a water-soluble B complex vitamin essential for erythropoiesis and has primary uses in folic acid deficiency, during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects, and in malabsorption syndromes. It should not be used until the actual cause of anaemia is determined as it may mask symptoms of pernicious anaemia.
-
Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) is used to treat pernicious anaemia and other megaloblastic anaemias and can be given orally, intranasally, or by deep intramuscular injection.
-
Lecture 3 focuses on Leukaemia, a malignant disease arising from bone marrow stem cells, which is more common in males and females, with risk factors including chromosomal abnormalities, chemotherapy, ionizing radiation, and chemical agents.
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Description
Test your knowledge about antianaemic drugs, erythropoiesis stimulating agents, and clinical features of anaemia related to viral infections, cancer, and radiation. This quiz covers minerals, vitamins, and specific drugs used for the treatment of anaemia.
