Antianaemics Lecture Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main characteristic of normocytic anemia?

  • RBCs in blood film are normal in size and color (correct)
  • Increased heart rate and heart failure
  • Reduced ability for RBCs to carry oxygen
  • Abnormal size and color of RBCs
  • What is the main clinical feature of severe anemia?

  • Pallor due to low hemoglobin
  • Fatigue, weakness, and poor concentration
  • Breathlessness due to low oxygenation (correct)
  • Palpitations due to low hemoglobin
  • What is the main reason for palpitations in severe anemia?

  • Increased heart rate to compensate for low hemoglobin (correct)
  • Low oxygenation of blood
  • Pallor due to low hemoglobin
  • Reduced ability of RBCs to carry oxygen
  • What is the classification of anemia based on the size of RBCs?

    <p>Microcytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does severe anemia lead to heart failure?

    <p>Ventricular hypertrophy due to increased workload on the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main symptom of anaemia that may be non-specific?

    <p>Fatigue, weakness, and poor concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of breathlessness in severe anaemia?

    <p>Increased respiratory rate to compensate for low oxygenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main sign indicating low hemoglobin in anaemia?

    <p>Pallor due to low hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukaemia affects older adults and has similar clinical features to acute lymphoblastic leukaemia?

    <p>Acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of thrombocytopenia?

    <p>Radiation exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bleeding disorder is characterized by petechiae and purpura?

    <p>Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukaemia is most common in children and adolescents?

    <p>Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene is found in high levels in tumour cells of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and inhibits cell death?

    <p>BCL2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes easy bruising and spontaneous bleeding in hemophilia?

    <p>Deficiency of clotting factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main characteristics of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)?

    <p>Slowly progressive and affects adults between 25-60 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of acute leukaemia?

    <p>Abrupt progression and rapid progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anaemia is characterized by the appearance of RBCs with obvious central pallor?

    <p>Microcytic anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is caused by the failure of the bone marrow to produce RBCs, and can affect all blood cells?

    <p>Aplastic (Hypoplastic) anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is most likely to be autoimmune and accounts for 50% of cases with an unknown cause?

    <p>Pernicious anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anaemia is caused by decreased production of RBCs and requires iron, Vitamin B12, and folate for haemoglobin synthesis?

    <p>Microcytic anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anaemia is most commonly caused by defective cell shapes such as thalassemia, sickle cell anaemia, and spherocytosis?

    <p>Hemolytic anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical feature is associated with pernicious anaemia?

    <p>Glossitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is an inherited deficiency of von Willebrand factor (vWF)?

    <p>Von Willebrand's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the acquired cause of coagulation disorders characterized by dietary insufficiency, vitamin K deficiency, and liver disease?

    <p>Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

    <p>Viral infections such as HIV and hepatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the increase in tissue factor and endotoxins in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

    <p>Liver disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from the widespread clotting that exceeds the capability of the body’s anti-coagulants in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

    <p>Hypoperfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism responsible for causing vessel wall abnormalities in various clinical conditions?

    <p>Infections such as meningococcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by vasculitis, purpuric rash, and arthritis due to the deposition of antibody complexes in blood vessel walls and joints?

    <p>Henoch-Schönlein Purpura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes vessel wall abnormalities that do not usually cause serious bleeding problems in various clinical conditions?

    <p>Senile purpura in elderly due to decreased connective tissue support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical condition usually occurs in children and is characterized by vasculitis, purpuric rash, and arthritis due to the deposition of antibody complexes in blood vessel walls and joints?

    <p>Henoch-Schönlein Purpura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication can be used for the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency syndrome?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a contraindication for using Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs)?

    <p>Uncontrolled hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)?

    <p>Treatment of pernicious anaemia and other megaloblastic anaemias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Folic acid?

    <p>Prevention of neural tube defects during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the indications for Epoetin Alfa (Epogen)?

    <p>Anaemia caused by end-stage renal disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the adverse effects of iron?

    <p>Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the nursing implications for iron?

    <p>Keeping away from children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical features of cytotoxic viral infections that can lead to cancer?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What medication is indicated for anaemia caused by chemotherapy-induced?

    <p>Epoetin Alfa (Epogen)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of breathlessness in severe anaemia?

    <p>Increased respiratory rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for palpitations in severe anemia?

    <p>Low haemoglobin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from the widespread clotting that exceeds the capability of the body’s anti-coagulants in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

    <p>Microangiopathic hemolytic anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the nursing implications for iron?

    <p>Monitor for constipation and gastrointestinal upset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of normocytic anemia?

    <p>Normal RBC size and color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukaemia is most common in children and adolescents?

    <p>Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by vasculitis, purpuric rash, and arthritis due to the deposition of antibody complexes in blood vessel walls and joints?

    <p>Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical feature is associated with erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs)?

    <p>Bone pain and risk of thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukaemia is most common in adults and affects B cells?

    <p>Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Darbepoetin, a longer-acting form of Epoetin Alfa?

    <p>Anaemia associated with zidovudine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of purpura, ecchymosis, and bleeding from mucosal membranes in bleeding disorders?

    <p>Thrombocytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse effect is associated with oral forms of iron?

    <p>Tooth staining and GI symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of acute ITP (Immune thrombocytopenic purpura)?

    <p>Viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the nursing implications for Folic acid?

    <p>Encourage patients to eat foods high in iron/folic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clotting factor deficiency results in easy bruising and spontaneous bleeding?

    <p>Factor VIII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication can be given intranasally or by deep intramuscular injection for the treatment of pernicious anaemia?

    <p>Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indication for using iron in parenteral forms?

    <p>Treatment of iron deficiency syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of thrombocytopenia due to increased removal of platelets?

    <p>Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clotting factor deficiency is characteristic of Von Willebrand’s disease?

    <p>Von Willebrand factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes vessel wall abnormalities and bleeding problems in various clinical conditions?

    <p>Increased fragility of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of normocytic anemia?

    <p>Normal RBC size and appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anaemia is characterized by the appearance of RBCs with obvious central pallor?

    <p>Microcytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of breathlessness in severe anaemia?

    <p>Tissue hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes vessel wall abnormalities that do not usually cause serious bleeding problems in various clinical conditions?

    <p>Vitamin K deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of acute leukaemia?

    <p>Rapid onset and progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anaemia is most commonly caused by defective cell shapes such as thalassemia, sickle cell anaemia, and spherocytosis?

    <p>Hemolytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main symptom of anaemia that may be non-specific?

    <p>Tiredness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the increase in tissue factor and endotoxins in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

    <p>Widespread clotting that exceeds the capability of the body’s anti-coagulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a contraindication for using Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs)?

    <p>Pernicious anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the acquired cause of coagulation disorders characterized by dietary insufficiency, vitamin K deficiency, and liver disease?

    <p>Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical condition is characterized by vasculitis, purpuric rash, and arthritis due to the deposition of antibody complexes in blood vessel walls and joints?

    <p>Henoch-Schönlein Purpura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the increase in tissue factor and endotoxins in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

    <p>Sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause joint deformities over time?

    <p>Von Willebrand's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from the widespread clotting that exceeds the capability of the body’s anti-coagulants in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anaemia is most commonly caused by defective cell shapes such as thalassemia, sickle cell anaemia, and spherocytosis?

    <p>Microcytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication can be used for the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency syndrome?

    <p>Folic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Cytotoxic viral infections can lead to cancer and have clinical features such as lower Red Blood Cell (RBC) count, breathlessness, and fatigue, lower White Blood Cell (WBC) count, increased risk of infections, and lower Platelet count with increased risk of bleeding.

    • Antianaemic drugs include Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs) and minerals/vitamins like Iron, Folic acid, and Vitamin B12.

    • ESAs include Epoetin Alfa (Epogen), a biosynthetic form of natural hormone erythropoietin, and its longer-acting form Darbepoetin. Indications include anaemia caused by end-stage renal disease, chemotherapy-induced, and anaemia associated with zidovudine.

    • Contraindications for ESAs include drug allergy, uncontrolled hypertension, head and neck cancer, and risk of thrombosis.

    • Iron is used for prevention and treatment of iron deficiency syndrome and is available in oral or parenteral forms. Oral forms can cause tooth staining and GI symptoms, while parenteral forms can cause pain upon injection and iron toxicity.

    • Adverse effects of iron include paediatric poisoning, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, abdominal cramps, and pain, black tarry stools, and injection site pain.

    • Nursing implications for iron include contraindications for patients with peptic ulcer disease, ulcerative colitis, liver disease, and GI disorders, keeping away from children, following manufacturer guidelines on dilution and administration, instructing patients to take through a straw and remain upright thereto prevent oesophageal corrosion, and encouraging patients to eat foods high in iron/folic acid.

    • Folic acid is a water-soluble B complex vitamin essential for erythropoiesis and has primary uses in folic acid deficiency, during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects, and in malabsorption syndromes. It should not be used until the actual cause of anaemia is determined as it may mask symptoms of pernicious anaemia.

    • Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) is used to treat pernicious anaemia and other megaloblastic anaemias and can be given orally, intranasally, or by deep intramuscular injection.

    • Lecture 3 focuses on Leukaemia, a malignant disease arising from bone marrow stem cells, which is more common in males and females, with risk factors including chromosomal abnormalities, chemotherapy, ionizing radiation, and chemical agents.

    • Cytotoxic viral infections can lead to cancer and have clinical features such as lower Red Blood Cell (RBC) count, breathlessness, and fatigue, lower White Blood Cell (WBC) count, increased risk of infections, and lower Platelet count with increased risk of bleeding.

    • Antianaemic drugs include Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs) and minerals/vitamins like Iron, Folic acid, and Vitamin B12.

    • ESAs include Epoetin Alfa (Epogen), a biosynthetic form of natural hormone erythropoietin, and its longer-acting form Darbepoetin. Indications include anaemia caused by end-stage renal disease, chemotherapy-induced, and anaemia associated with zidovudine.

    • Contraindications for ESAs include drug allergy, uncontrolled hypertension, head and neck cancer, and risk of thrombosis.

    • Iron is used for prevention and treatment of iron deficiency syndrome and is available in oral or parenteral forms. Oral forms can cause tooth staining and GI symptoms, while parenteral forms can cause pain upon injection and iron toxicity.

    • Adverse effects of iron include paediatric poisoning, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, abdominal cramps, and pain, black tarry stools, and injection site pain.

    • Nursing implications for iron include contraindications for patients with peptic ulcer disease, ulcerative colitis, liver disease, and GI disorders, keeping away from children, following manufacturer guidelines on dilution and administration, instructing patients to take through a straw and remain upright thereto prevent oesophageal corrosion, and encouraging patients to eat foods high in iron/folic acid.

    • Folic acid is a water-soluble B complex vitamin essential for erythropoiesis and has primary uses in folic acid deficiency, during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects, and in malabsorption syndromes. It should not be used until the actual cause of anaemia is determined as it may mask symptoms of pernicious anaemia.

    • Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) is used to treat pernicious anaemia and other megaloblastic anaemias and can be given orally, intranasally, or by deep intramuscular injection.

    • Lecture 3 focuses on Leukaemia, a malignant disease arising from bone marrow stem cells, which is more common in males and females, with risk factors including chromosomal abnormalities, chemotherapy, ionizing radiation, and chemical agents.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge about antianaemic drugs, erythropoiesis stimulating agents, and clinical features of anaemia related to viral infections, cancer, and radiation. This quiz covers minerals, vitamins, and specific drugs used for the treatment of anaemia.

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