76 Questions
What is the main characteristic of normocytic anemia?
RBCs in blood film are normal in size and color
What is the main clinical feature of severe anemia?
Breathlessness due to low oxygenation
What is the main reason for palpitations in severe anemia?
Increased heart rate to compensate for low hemoglobin
What is the classification of anemia based on the size of RBCs?
Microcytic anemia
How does severe anemia lead to heart failure?
Ventricular hypertrophy due to increased workload on the heart
What is the main symptom of anaemia that may be non-specific?
Fatigue, weakness, and poor concentration
What is the main cause of breathlessness in severe anaemia?
Increased respiratory rate to compensate for low oxygenation
What is the main sign indicating low hemoglobin in anaemia?
Pallor due to low hemoglobin
Which type of leukaemia affects older adults and has similar clinical features to acute lymphoblastic leukaemia?
Acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML)
What is the main cause of thrombocytopenia?
Radiation exposure
Which bleeding disorder is characterized by petechiae and purpura?
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
Which type of leukaemia is most common in children and adolescents?
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)
Which gene is found in high levels in tumour cells of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and inhibits cell death?
BCL2
What causes easy bruising and spontaneous bleeding in hemophilia?
Deficiency of clotting factors
What are the main characteristics of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)?
Slowly progressive and affects adults between 25-60 years old
What is the main characteristic of acute leukaemia?
Abrupt progression and rapid progression
Which type of anaemia is characterized by the appearance of RBCs with obvious central pallor?
Microcytic anaemia
Which condition is caused by the failure of the bone marrow to produce RBCs, and can affect all blood cells?
Aplastic (Hypoplastic) anaemia
Which condition is most likely to be autoimmune and accounts for 50% of cases with an unknown cause?
Pernicious anaemia
Which type of anaemia is caused by decreased production of RBCs and requires iron, Vitamin B12, and folate for haemoglobin synthesis?
Microcytic anaemia
Which type of anaemia is most commonly caused by defective cell shapes such as thalassemia, sickle cell anaemia, and spherocytosis?
Hemolytic anaemia
Which clinical feature is associated with pernicious anaemia?
Glossitis
Which disorder is an inherited deficiency of von Willebrand factor (vWF)?
Von Willebrand's disease
What is the acquired cause of coagulation disorders characterized by dietary insufficiency, vitamin K deficiency, and liver disease?
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
What is the most common cause of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
Viral infections such as HIV and hepatitis
What triggers the increase in tissue factor and endotoxins in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
Liver disorders
What results from the widespread clotting that exceeds the capability of the body’s anti-coagulants in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
Hypoperfusion
What is the mechanism responsible for causing vessel wall abnormalities in various clinical conditions?
Infections such as meningococcemia
What is characterized by vasculitis, purpuric rash, and arthritis due to the deposition of antibody complexes in blood vessel walls and joints?
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura
What causes vessel wall abnormalities that do not usually cause serious bleeding problems in various clinical conditions?
Senile purpura in elderly due to decreased connective tissue support
Which clinical condition usually occurs in children and is characterized by vasculitis, purpuric rash, and arthritis due to the deposition of antibody complexes in blood vessel walls and joints?
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura
Which medication can be used for the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency syndrome?
Iron
What can be a contraindication for using Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs)?
Uncontrolled hypertension
What is the primary use of Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)?
Treatment of pernicious anaemia and other megaloblastic anaemias
What is the primary use of Folic acid?
Prevention of neural tube defects during pregnancy
What are the indications for Epoetin Alfa (Epogen)?
Anaemia caused by end-stage renal disease
What are the adverse effects of iron?
Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea
What are the nursing implications for iron?
Keeping away from children
What are the clinical features of cytotoxic viral infections that can lead to cancer?
All of the above
What medication is indicated for anaemia caused by chemotherapy-induced?
Epoetin Alfa (Epogen)
What is the primary cause of breathlessness in severe anaemia?
Increased respiratory rate
What is the main reason for palpitations in severe anemia?
Low haemoglobin levels
What results from the widespread clotting that exceeds the capability of the body’s anti-coagulants in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
Microangiopathic hemolytic anaemia
What are the nursing implications for iron?
Monitor for constipation and gastrointestinal upset
What is the main characteristic of normocytic anemia?
Normal RBC size and color
Which type of leukaemia is most common in children and adolescents?
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)
What is characterized by vasculitis, purpuric rash, and arthritis due to the deposition of antibody complexes in blood vessel walls and joints?
Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP)
Which clinical feature is associated with erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs)?
Bone pain and risk of thrombosis
Which type of leukaemia is most common in adults and affects B cells?
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)
What is the primary use of Darbepoetin, a longer-acting form of Epoetin Alfa?
Anaemia associated with zidovudine
What is the primary cause of purpura, ecchymosis, and bleeding from mucosal membranes in bleeding disorders?
Thrombocytopenia
Which adverse effect is associated with oral forms of iron?
Tooth staining and GI symptoms
What is the main cause of acute ITP (Immune thrombocytopenic purpura)?
Viral infection
What are the nursing implications for Folic acid?
Encourage patients to eat foods high in iron/folic acid
Which clotting factor deficiency results in easy bruising and spontaneous bleeding?
Factor VIII
Which medication can be given intranasally or by deep intramuscular injection for the treatment of pernicious anaemia?
Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)
What is the indication for using iron in parenteral forms?
Treatment of iron deficiency syndrome
What is the main cause of thrombocytopenia due to increased removal of platelets?
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
Which clotting factor deficiency is characteristic of Von Willebrand’s disease?
Von Willebrand factor
What causes vessel wall abnormalities and bleeding problems in various clinical conditions?
Increased fragility of blood vessels
What is the main characteristic of normocytic anemia?
Normal RBC size and appearance
Which type of anaemia is characterized by the appearance of RBCs with obvious central pallor?
Microcytic anemia
What is the main cause of breathlessness in severe anaemia?
Tissue hypoxia
What causes vessel wall abnormalities that do not usually cause serious bleeding problems in various clinical conditions?
Vitamin K deficiency
What is the main characteristic of acute leukaemia?
Rapid onset and progression
Which type of anaemia is most commonly caused by defective cell shapes such as thalassemia, sickle cell anaemia, and spherocytosis?
Hemolytic anemia
What is the main symptom of anaemia that may be non-specific?
Tiredness
What triggers the increase in tissue factor and endotoxins in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
Widespread clotting that exceeds the capability of the body’s anti-coagulants
What can be a contraindication for using Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs)?
Pernicious anemia
What is the acquired cause of coagulation disorders characterized by dietary insufficiency, vitamin K deficiency, and liver disease?
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
Which clinical condition is characterized by vasculitis, purpuric rash, and arthritis due to the deposition of antibody complexes in blood vessel walls and joints?
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura
What triggers the increase in tissue factor and endotoxins in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
Sepsis
What can cause joint deformities over time?
Von Willebrand's disease
What results from the widespread clotting that exceeds the capability of the body’s anti-coagulants in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
All of the above
Which type of anaemia is most commonly caused by defective cell shapes such as thalassemia, sickle cell anaemia, and spherocytosis?
Microcytic anemia
Which medication can be used for the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency syndrome?
Folic acid
Study Notes
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Cytotoxic viral infections can lead to cancer and have clinical features such as lower Red Blood Cell (RBC) count, breathlessness, and fatigue, lower White Blood Cell (WBC) count, increased risk of infections, and lower Platelet count with increased risk of bleeding.
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Antianaemic drugs include Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs) and minerals/vitamins like Iron, Folic acid, and Vitamin B12.
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ESAs include Epoetin Alfa (Epogen), a biosynthetic form of natural hormone erythropoietin, and its longer-acting form Darbepoetin. Indications include anaemia caused by end-stage renal disease, chemotherapy-induced, and anaemia associated with zidovudine.
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Contraindications for ESAs include drug allergy, uncontrolled hypertension, head and neck cancer, and risk of thrombosis.
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Iron is used for prevention and treatment of iron deficiency syndrome and is available in oral or parenteral forms. Oral forms can cause tooth staining and GI symptoms, while parenteral forms can cause pain upon injection and iron toxicity.
-
Adverse effects of iron include paediatric poisoning, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, abdominal cramps, and pain, black tarry stools, and injection site pain.
-
Nursing implications for iron include contraindications for patients with peptic ulcer disease, ulcerative colitis, liver disease, and GI disorders, keeping away from children, following manufacturer guidelines on dilution and administration, instructing patients to take through a straw and remain upright thereto prevent oesophageal corrosion, and encouraging patients to eat foods high in iron/folic acid.
-
Folic acid is a water-soluble B complex vitamin essential for erythropoiesis and has primary uses in folic acid deficiency, during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects, and in malabsorption syndromes. It should not be used until the actual cause of anaemia is determined as it may mask symptoms of pernicious anaemia.
-
Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) is used to treat pernicious anaemia and other megaloblastic anaemias and can be given orally, intranasally, or by deep intramuscular injection.
-
Lecture 3 focuses on Leukaemia, a malignant disease arising from bone marrow stem cells, which is more common in males and females, with risk factors including chromosomal abnormalities, chemotherapy, ionizing radiation, and chemical agents.
-
Cytotoxic viral infections can lead to cancer and have clinical features such as lower Red Blood Cell (RBC) count, breathlessness, and fatigue, lower White Blood Cell (WBC) count, increased risk of infections, and lower Platelet count with increased risk of bleeding.
-
Antianaemic drugs include Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs) and minerals/vitamins like Iron, Folic acid, and Vitamin B12.
-
ESAs include Epoetin Alfa (Epogen), a biosynthetic form of natural hormone erythropoietin, and its longer-acting form Darbepoetin. Indications include anaemia caused by end-stage renal disease, chemotherapy-induced, and anaemia associated with zidovudine.
-
Contraindications for ESAs include drug allergy, uncontrolled hypertension, head and neck cancer, and risk of thrombosis.
-
Iron is used for prevention and treatment of iron deficiency syndrome and is available in oral or parenteral forms. Oral forms can cause tooth staining and GI symptoms, while parenteral forms can cause pain upon injection and iron toxicity.
-
Adverse effects of iron include paediatric poisoning, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, abdominal cramps, and pain, black tarry stools, and injection site pain.
-
Nursing implications for iron include contraindications for patients with peptic ulcer disease, ulcerative colitis, liver disease, and GI disorders, keeping away from children, following manufacturer guidelines on dilution and administration, instructing patients to take through a straw and remain upright thereto prevent oesophageal corrosion, and encouraging patients to eat foods high in iron/folic acid.
-
Folic acid is a water-soluble B complex vitamin essential for erythropoiesis and has primary uses in folic acid deficiency, during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects, and in malabsorption syndromes. It should not be used until the actual cause of anaemia is determined as it may mask symptoms of pernicious anaemia.
-
Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) is used to treat pernicious anaemia and other megaloblastic anaemias and can be given orally, intranasally, or by deep intramuscular injection.
-
Lecture 3 focuses on Leukaemia, a malignant disease arising from bone marrow stem cells, which is more common in males and females, with risk factors including chromosomal abnormalities, chemotherapy, ionizing radiation, and chemical agents.
Test your knowledge about antianaemic drugs, erythropoiesis stimulating agents, and clinical features of anaemia related to viral infections, cancer, and radiation. This quiz covers minerals, vitamins, and specific drugs used for the treatment of anaemia.
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