Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following glands/organs is not an endocrine gland?
Which of the following glands/organs is not an endocrine gland?
- Eccrine (correct)
- Hypophysis
- Parathyroid
- Pancreas
Endocrine glands are ductless.
Endocrine glands are ductless.
True (A)
What is the main function of hormones?
What is the main function of hormones?
Hormones act as chemical messengers, regulating various bodily processes, such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
What are the three general classes of hormones?
What are the three general classes of hormones?
Why are some hormones water-soluble, while others are lipid-soluble?
Why are some hormones water-soluble, while others are lipid-soluble?
What are the main types of hormone signaling?
What are the main types of hormone signaling?
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
Flashcards
Endocrinology
Endocrinology
Study of glands that produce hormones and their effects on organs
Endocrine System
Endocrine System
System of glands and cells that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
Hormones
Hormones
Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands
Target Cells
Target Cells
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Endocrine Glands
Endocrine Glands
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Endocrine cells
Endocrine cells
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Hypophysis
Hypophysis
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Parathyroid
Parathyroid
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Pancreas
Pancreas
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Insulin
Insulin
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Glucagon
Glucagon
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Somatostatin
Somatostatin
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Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Glands
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Gonads
Gonads
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Thyroid
Thyroid
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Hormone Receptors
Hormone Receptors
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Cortisol
Cortisol
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Oxytocin
Oxytocin
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T3 and T4
T3 and T4
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Eccrine Gland
Eccrine Gland
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Exocrine Gland
Exocrine Gland
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Mechanism of Hormone Secretion
Mechanism of Hormone Secretion
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Growth, development, and maturation
Growth, development, and maturation
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Systemic homeostasis
Systemic homeostasis
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Key Endocrine Glands
Key Endocrine Glands
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Hormone Characteristics
Hormone Characteristics
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Clinical Endocrinology
Clinical Endocrinology
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Endocrine System
Endocrine System
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Endocrine Glands
Endocrine Glands
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Endocrine Cells
Endocrine Cells
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Hormones
Hormones
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Target Cells
Target Cells
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Hypophysis
Hypophysis
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Parathyroid
Parathyroid
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Pancreas
Pancreas
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Insulin
Insulin
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Glucagon
Glucagon
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Somatostatin
Somatostatin
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Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Glands
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Gonads
Gonads
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Thyroid
Thyroid
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Mechanism of Hormone Secretion
Mechanism of Hormone Secretion
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Growth, development, & maturation
Growth, development, & maturation
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Systemic Homeostasis
Systemic Homeostasis
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Key Endocrine Glands
Key Endocrine Glands
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Hormone Characteristics
Hormone Characteristics
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Hormone Receptors
Hormone Receptors
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Cortisol
Cortisol
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Oxytocin
Oxytocin
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T3 and T4
T3 and T4
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Eccrine Gland
Eccrine Gland
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Exocrine Gland
Exocrine Gland
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Clinical Significance
Clinical Significance
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Test Procedures
Test Procedures
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Study Notes
Clinical Endocrinology
- Study of glands producing hormones and their effects on organs
- Studies hormone synthesis and function in target organs
- Investigates pathology of endocrine glands
- Key target glands: gonads, thyroid, adrenal
Endocrine System Overview
- Composed of endocrine glands and specialized cells
- Endocrine cells secrete hormones (chemical messengers) into the bloodstream
- Hormones travel to target cells which have specific receptors
- Hormone action is specific due to receptor presence
Hormones
- Greek word "Hormon" meaning "to set into motion"
- Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands
- Act at distant sites from production
- Examples: cortisol, oxytocin, thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), insulin
- Produced by specific tissues/glands
- Specific transport to target cells
Hormone Types and Characteristics
- Peptide/Protein Hormones: Water-soluble, synthesized by anterior pituitary, placenta, pancreas, parathyroid, circulate freely
- Can be complete or inactive forms, some requiring activation
- Short half-life, regulated by analyte concentration
- Examples: PTH, Insulin, ACTH
- Glycoprotein Hormones: Similar structure to peptide hormones (alpha and beta subunits), regulated by hormone levels
- Examples: Luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone
- Steroid Hormones: Derived from cholesterol, insoluble in water, require carriers
- Produced by adrenal glands, gonads, placenta
- Long half-life, regulated by negative feedback
- Examples: cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, estrogen
Hormone Signaling
- Autocrine: Hormone acts on the same cell that produced it
- Paracrine: Hormone acts on nearby cells
- Intracrine: Hormone acts within the producing cell
Hormone Control
- Negative Feedback: Increased hormone levels trigger a response to decrease production (e.g., high hormone reduces further synthesis)
- Positive Feedback: Stimulus increases the response, leading to further increases (e.g., oxytocin release during childbirth)
Hormone Transport
- Lipid-soluble (e.g., steroids): Require transport proteins
- Water-soluble (e.g., peptides): Often circulate freely
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