18 Questions
Which methodology is most widely used to detect catecholamines and their metabolites in plasma and urine?
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
What is the enzyme specifically found exclusively in both diseased and benign prostate glands?
Prostate specific antigen (PSA)
Which tumor marker is re-expressed in certain types of tumors and is elevated in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and germ cell tumors?
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
What is the main limitation associated with the detection of elevated circulating enzymes to identify a specific tumor or site of tumor?
Low specificity
In immunohistochemistry, specific antibodies in solution are incubated with tissue sections to detect the presence or absence of __________ using secondary antibodies.
Antigens
Which tumor marker is NOT completely specific for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)?
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
Which type of tumor markers are best used for monitoring the treatment of tumors that secrete specific carbohydrates or cancer antigens?
Frequently ordered tumor markers
What type of tumor markers are widely used as specific markers of secreting tumors such as neuroblastomas, pituitary, and adrenal adenomas?
Hormone and hormone metabolites
Which method is valuable in diagnosing patients with breast, ovarian, or colon cancer by identifying germline mutations in individuals with a family history of these diseases?
Immunohistochemistry
Which tumor marker type generally increases with tumor progression and reaches its highest levels when tumors metastasize?
Serum proteins
What is the main limitation in using tumor markers for screening asymptomatic populations according to the text?
Most clinically used tumor markers are found in normal cells and benign conditions in addition to cancer cells
In which type of diagnostic method is the Hook Effect sometimes encountered as an issue based on the provided text?
Enzyme assays
Which type of marker is beta2-microglobulin considered to be?
A nonspecific marker of high cell turnover in tumors
What is the main characteristic of immunoglobulins in the context of tumor markers?
They provide a measure of monoclonal protein production in hematologic malignancies
Which statement accurately describes tumor markers according to the text?
Tumor markers can be nonspecific and must be used alongside other tests
Which statement best describes oncofetal antigens based on the information provided?
Oncofetal antigens are transiently expressed during normal development and in tumor formation
Which technique is frequently utilized for the detection of tumor markers like cancer antigen 125?
Enzyme assays
What is a key characteristic of frequently ordered tumor markers?
They are usually nonspecific and require other tests for confirmation
Test your knowledge on clinical chemistry techniques such as High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Immunohistochemistry. Topics include analytical range, false positives/negatives, and interferences from heterophile antibodies.
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