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Questions and Answers
What is the color of the flame when sodium is excited?
What is the color of the flame when sodium is excited?
In spectro photometry, what does Beer’s Law state about an unknown substance?
In spectro photometry, what does Beer’s Law state about an unknown substance?
What is the conversion factor from cholesterol in mg/dL to mmol/L?
What is the conversion factor from cholesterol in mg/dL to mmol/L?
Which element emits a violet flame when excited?
Which element emits a violet flame when excited?
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In clinical chemistry, what does an increase in uric acid levels at 59 y/o indicate?
In clinical chemistry, what does an increase in uric acid levels at 59 y/o indicate?
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What is the conversion factor from bilirubin in mg/dL to umol/L?
What is the conversion factor from bilirubin in mg/dL to umol/L?
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What is the main purpose of Flame Emission Photometry?
What is the main purpose of Flame Emission Photometry?
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What is the disadvantage of the Blank Technique Flame Emission Photometry in correcting absorbance?
What is the disadvantage of the Blank Technique Flame Emission Photometry in correcting absorbance?
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What is the main function of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)?
What is the main function of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)?
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What is the role of fluorophores in Fluorometry?
What is the role of fluorophores in Fluorometry?
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How does Ultracentrifugation help in Blank Technique Flame Emission Photometry?
How does Ultracentrifugation help in Blank Technique Flame Emission Photometry?
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What distinguishes Fluorometry from Flame Emission Photometry?
What distinguishes Fluorometry from Flame Emission Photometry?
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What is another name for a substance used to calibrate instruments?
What is another name for a substance used to calibrate instruments?
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What is the primary purpose of a Type III reagent?
What is the primary purpose of a Type III reagent?
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What is the molarity of 300g of H2SO4 dissolved in 500mL of water?
What is the molarity of 300g of H2SO4 dissolved in 500mL of water?
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Which type of reagent is used for histology and qualitative tests?
Which type of reagent is used for histology and qualitative tests?
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What is the main difference between precision and accuracy?
What is the main difference between precision and accuracy?
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What is the maximum water purity used in laboratory tests?
What is the maximum water purity used in laboratory tests?
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What is the purpose of adding a base reagent to a urine sample?
What is the purpose of adding a base reagent to a urine sample?
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Which colligative property decreases as osmolality increases?
Which colligative property decreases as osmolality increases?
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What is the purpose of measuring the current or voltage generated in amperometry?
What is the purpose of measuring the current or voltage generated in amperometry?
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What is the role of oxygen in the reaction between a serum sample and Silver Silver Chloride in ISE?
What is the role of oxygen in the reaction between a serum sample and Silver Silver Chloride in ISE?
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Which two substances are measured to calculate the osmolality of a urine sample?
Which two substances are measured to calculate the osmolality of a urine sample?
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Which of the following is NOT a colligative property?
Which of the following is NOT a colligative property?
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What is the condition characterized by a protuberant abdomen due to hepatomegaly and renomegaly, rickets, and failure to thrive?
What is the condition characterized by a protuberant abdomen due to hepatomegaly and renomegaly, rickets, and failure to thrive?
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Which enzyme is deficient in Pompe disease?
Which enzyme is deficient in Pompe disease?
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What is the most likely symptom for a person with muscle phosphorylase deficiency after intense exercise?
What is the most likely symptom for a person with muscle phosphorylase deficiency after intense exercise?
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What is the purpose of the L/S ratio in determining fetal lung maturity?
What is the purpose of the L/S ratio in determining fetal lung maturity?
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What causes Niemann-Pick disease?
What causes Niemann-Pick disease?
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Which lipid is most abundant and found in cell membranes?
Which lipid is most abundant and found in cell membranes?
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Study Notes
Urine Analysis
- Urine analysis checks for the volume of acid and alkaline present, not the exact pH.
- Measurement of acid and alkaline involves adding a base reagent and a blue indicator to the urine sample.
- The binding of OH- with H+ causes the color to change from blue to colorless (neutral), indicating the presence of acid.
pH Measurement
- pH measurement involves measuring the concentration of H+ (hydrogen ions) in the urine, regardless of whether the urine is acidic or alkaline.
Osmolality Measurement
- Osmolality measures the changes in colligative properties of a solution.
- Colligative properties include boiling point, freezing point, vapor pressure, and osmotic pressure.
- As osmolality increases, freezing point and vapor pressure decrease.
- The formula for osmolality is: (2(sodium) + glucose/20 + BUN)/3 = milliosmole/kg.
Amperometry
- Amperometry measures the current or voltage generated by the activity of a specific ion.
- It involves the reaction of two chemicals, producing electricity.
- Example: Serum sample with silver silver chloride in an ion-selective electrode (ISE) measures oxygen diffusion inside the ISE membrane.
Clinical Features
- Pompe disease: protuberant abdomen due to hepatomegaly and renomegaly, rickets, and failure to thrive.
- Muscle phosphorylase deficiency: exercise intolerance, muscle cramps, dark red urine after intense exercise.
- Niemann-Pick disease: accumulation of sphingomyelin, macrophage cannot metabolize sphingomyelin due to lack of sphingomyelinase, resulting in foamy cytoplasm.
Lipids
- Phospholipids are the most abundant lipids in cell membranes.
- Lecithin and sphingomyelin are used to determine fetal lung maturity.
- L/S ratio: lecithin divided by sphingomyelin, must be ≥2.
Cholesterol
- Cholesterol is used to produce steroid hormones and is a component of cell membranes.
- Sources of cholesterol: 90% endogenous (from the body).
Clinical Chemistry
- Conversion factors: albumin, bilirubin, BUN, sodium, potassium, chloride, creatinine, glucose, thyroxine, triglyceride, uric acid.
- To remember: same with total protein, b171rubin, Cr8inine, and cholesterol.
Analytical Methods
- Spectrophotometry: measures the light transmitted by a solution.
- Beer's Law: unknown substance is directly proportional to absorbed light and inversely proportional to transmitted light.
- Blanking technique: used to correct absorbance caused by reagent's color and hemoglobin.
- Disadvantage: turbidity by lipid is not corrected, remedy: ultracentrifugation dissolves lipids.
Flame Emission Photometry
- Measures light emitted by a single atom burned in a flame.
- For unexcited elements, absorption spectroscopy is used.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
- Measures light absorbed by atoms dissociated by heat.
- Uses a spectro flame to dissociate molecules.
Fluorometry
- Measures light intensity emitted by a molecule after excitation by electromagnetic radiation.
- Uses 2 monochromators.
- Disadvantage: quenching effect.
Molarity
- Molarity: number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
- Formula: Mole = g / mw.
- Example: 2 mole HCl in 500 mL, answer: 4M.
- Example: 300g H2SO4 in 500 mL, explanation: convert 300g H2SO4 into moles using the formula.
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Description
Test your knowledge on clinical chemistry concepts including conversion factors for Albumin, Bilirubin, BUN, Na, K, Cl, and more. Learn about the specific colors emitted by excited elements in a blue flame versus a yellow flame. Recall important mnemonic devices for remembering conversion factors.
