Clinical Chemistry Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary enzyme involved in the conversion of starch to glucose?

  • Lipase
  • Protease
  • Lactase
  • Amylase (correct)

    • Which of the following is the gold standard for measuring blood glucose levels?

  • Hexokinase method (correct)
  • Immunoassay
  • Reflectance spectrophotometry
  • Glucose oxidase method

    • What is the purpose of the Westergren method in clinical chemistry?

  • To measure hemoglobin
  • To measure erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (correct)
  • To measure reticulocyte count
  • To measure hematocrit

    • Which of the following enzymes is primarily involved in lipid metabolism?

    <p>Lipase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anticoagulant is commonly used for blood gas analysis?

    <p>Heparin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used to measure serum total protein?

    <p>Biuret method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme's activity is commonly measured to assess liver function?

    <p>ALT (Alanine aminotransferase)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hormone responsible for increasing blood glucose levels?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cation in human serum osmolality?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A hemolyzed sample can interfere with the measurement of which analyte?

    <p>Potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase in the liver?

    <p>Hydrolysis of phosphate esters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lipids is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease?

    <p>LDL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of the electrolyte osmolality in clinical chemistry?

    <p>Evaluating electrolyte balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is commonly used as a biomarker for liver damage?

    <p>Alanine transaminase (ALT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of measuring serum albumin levels?

    <p>Evaluating nutritional status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition is a significantly elevated level of conjugated bilirubin observed?

    <p>Biliary obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adding heparin/manganese in lipoprotein precipitation?

    <p>To precipitate VLDL and LDL, leaving HDL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT used in the UV range?

    <p>Incandescent bulb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle used in Technicon and Kodak instruments?

    <p>Reflectance spectrophotometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the SI value for a BUN of 22 mg/dL?

    <p>7.8 mmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is used as a marker for pancreatic function?

    <p>Lipase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary buffer system in the blood?

    <p>Bicarbonate buffer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lipoproteins is considered 'good' cholesterol?

    <p>HDL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A high anion gap is indicative of:

    <p>Metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major cation in intracellular fluid?

    <p>Potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ampholytes in isoelectric focusing?

    <p>To establish the pH gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to ammonium ion and bicarbonate?

    <p>Urease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of fasting blood sugar values?

    <p>70-99 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much sodium chloride must be dissolved to prepare 500 ml of a 5 molar solution?

    <p>145.1 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the contaminant that causes urea to be falsely elevated in the Berthelot reaction?

    <p>Ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is primarily used to measure serum total protein?

    <p>Biuret method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme's activity is measured to assess the severity of pancreatitis?

    <p>Lipase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of albumin in the blood?

    <p>Maintain osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with a low serum osmolality?

    <p>Overhydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lipoprotein is responsible for transporting cholesterol from tissues to the liver?

    <p>HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lipase in lipid metabolism?

    <p>Hydrolyze triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of preanalytical variation in blood glucose measurement?

    <p>Delayed processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and fluid balance in the body?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can cause hyperkalemia?

    <p>Both b and c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can cause respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following electrolytes is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and fluid balance in the body?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is NOT a marker for pancreatic function?

    <p>ALT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of the Schilling test?

    <p>Diagnose vitamin B12 deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of preanalytical error in laboratory testing?

    <p>Improper sample collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Prolonged vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a measure of the body's ability to carry oxygen?

    <p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a marker for diabetic ketoacidosis?

    <p>Serum ketones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte imbalance can occur due to excessive vomiting?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lipase in lipid metabolism?

    <p>To break down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can cause hyponatremia?

    <p>SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary buffer system in the blood?

    <p>Bicarbonate buffer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following electrolytes is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and fluid balance in the body?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following laboratory errors can occur due to delayed processing of blood samples?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of albumin in the blood?

    <p>To maintain osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inflammatory biomarker is commonly used to diagnose pancreatitis?

    <p>Lipase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins is a specific marker for cardiac damage?

    <p>Troponin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of a spuriously elevated serum calcium level?

    <p>Hyperproteinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is primarily involved in glycogenolysis?

    <p>Glycogen phosphorylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of a high anion gap metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Diabetic ketoacidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following electrolyte imbalances is associated with muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmias?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is measured to assess myocardial infarction and has a peak level at 12-24 hours after onset?

    <p>Troponin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hemoglobin in the blood?

    <p>Transport oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following anticoagulants prevents clotting by chelating calcium?

    <p>EDTA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following electrolyte imbalances is commonly associated with chronic renal failure?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of electrophoresis in clinical chemistry?

    <p>Separate and identify proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is commonly used as a marker for liver damage in response to acetaminophen overdose?

    <p>ALT (Alanine aminotransferase)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can cause falsely elevated glucose levels in a laboratory test?

    <p>Hemolyzed sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following electrolyte imbalances can occur due to excessive vomiting?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of preanalytical variation in blood glucose measurement?

    <p>Inadequate fasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following inflammatory biomarkers is commonly used to monitor the progression of prostate cancer?

    <p>PSA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary enzyme involved in the degradation of glucose to gluconic acid?

    <p>Glucose oxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of preanalytical error in laboratory testing?

    <p>Sampling error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the enzyme urease?

    <p>Catalyzing the hydrolysis of urea to ammonium ion and bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of fasting blood sugar values?

    <p>70-99 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of hypokalemia?

    <p>Excessive vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase in the liver?

    <p>Catalyzing the dephosphorylation of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of the electrolyte osmolality in clinical chemistry?

    <p>Measuring the osmotic pressure of the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Excessive vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the enzyme lipase in lipid metabolism?

    <p>Catalyzing the hydrolysis of lipids to fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of the Schilling test?

    <p>Measuring the concentration of vitamin B12 in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which disease state is severely increased conjugated bilirubin observed?

    <p>Biliary obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process in which lab aspects include patient information, specimen collection, equipment maintenance, and reporting?

    <p>Quality assurance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can be used in the UV range except?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Precipitating agents used in removing VLDL and LDL so that HDL will remain, except:

    <p>Citrate/fluoride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reflectance spectrophotometry is a principle used in:

    <p>Technicon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On average, the value is expected to be greater than 2.6 ng/ml in 1 out of:

    <p>100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most specific dye binding technique for albumin is:

    <p>Bromocresol blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the SI value for a BUN of 22 mg/dL?

    <p>7.9 mmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of falsely elevated serum potassium levels?

    <p>Hemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the abbreviation TIBC stand for?

    <p>Total Iron Binding Capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is used as a marker for pancreatic function?

    <p>Lipase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reagent used in the Jaffe reaction?

    <p>Picric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common example of a preanalytical error?

    <p>Improper sample collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a major cation in intracellular fluid?

    <p>Potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a high anion gap indicative of?

    <p>Metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for regulating calcium metabolism and converting inactive Vitamin D to Vitamin D3?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lipoproteins is considered 'good' cholesterol?

    <p>HDL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of urease in the body?

    <p>Catalyzing the hydrolysis of urea to ammonium ion and bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ampholytes in isoelectric focusing?

    <p>To establish a pH gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard solution used to measure the icterus index?

    <p>Potassium dichromate 0.01%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A deficiency in which vitamin can lead to pernicious anemia?

    <p>Vitamin B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary extracellular cation?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much sodium chloride is required to prepare 500 ml of a 5 molar solution?

    <p>145.1 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hormone responsible for increasing blood glucose levels is:

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of fasting blood sugar values?

    <p>70-99 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A common method used to determine serum cholesterol is:

    <p>Enzymatic method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the contaminant that causes urea to be falsely elevated in the Berthelot reaction?

    <p>Ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of positioned monochromators in fluorescence spectrophotometry?

    <p>To separate excitation and emission wavelengths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a blank in a spectrophotometric assay?

    <p>To account for background absorbance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anticoagulant is most commonly used for coagulation studies?

    <p>Sodium citrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme's activity is commonly measured to assess liver function?

    <p>ALT (Alanine aminotransferase)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A hemolyzed sample can interfere with the measurement of:

    <p>Potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary function of the kidneys in acid-base balance?

    <p>Reabsorb bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with an increased level of uric acid?

    <p>Gout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of the Schilling test?

    <p>Diagnose vitamin B12 deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a measure of the body's ability to carry oxygen?

    <p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Prolonged vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the main cation in extracellular fluid?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can cause hyponatremia?

    <p>SIADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of serum amylase measurement?

    <p>Diagnose pancreatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Arterial Blood Gas Analysis

    • The specimen of choice for arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis is arterial blood.

    Liver Function

    • The measurement of serum albumin is important in assessing liver function, nutritional status, and renal function.
    • The primary buffer system in the blood is the bicarbonate buffer.

    Enzymes

    • The enzyme lipase is primarily used to diagnose pancreatitis.
    • The enzyme amylase is primarily used to diagnose pancreatitis.
    • The enzyme ALT (Alanine aminotransferase) is commonly measured to assess liver function.
    • The enzyme CK-MB (Creatine kinase-MB) is used as a marker for myocardial infarction and has a peak level at 12-24 hours after onset.

    Lipoproteins

    • The primary role of HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) in the body is to transport cholesterol from tissues to the liver.
    • HDL is considered "good" cholesterol.

    Electrolytes

    • Sodium is the primary extracellular cation.
    • The electrolyte imbalance commonly associated with chronic renal failure is hyperkalemia.

    Blood Analysis

    • The primary function of hemoglobin is to transport oxygen.
    • The measurement of serum bilirubin is important in assessing liver function.
    • The reference method for measuring serum bilirubin is the Evelyn-Malloy method.

    Coagulation Studies

    • The anticoagulant most commonly used for coagulation studies is sodium citrate.
    • The primary use of the PT (Prothrombin Time) is to assess the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.

    Kidney Function

    • The primary function of the kidneys in acid-base balance is to excrete hydrogen ions.
    • The electrolyte imbalance commonly associated with chronic kidney disease is hyperkalemia.

    Pancreatic Function

    • The enzyme lipase is used as a marker for pancreatic function.
    • The measurement of serum ketones is useful in the diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis.

    Hormones

    • The hormone responsible for increasing blood glucose levels is glucagon.
    • The hormone responsible for decreasing blood glucose levels is insulin.

    Tumor Markers

    • The tumor marker for prostate cancer is PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen).

    Anemia

    • A deficiency in Vitamin B12 can lead to pernicious anemia.

    Other

    • The primary use of electrophoresis in clinical chemistry is to separate and identify proteins.
    • The primary use of the Westergren method is to measure erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).
    • A high anion gap is indicative of metabolic acidosis.
    • A hemolyzed sample can interfere with the measurement of glucose, potassium, and other analytes.### Laboratory Medicine

    Clinical Chemistry

    • Biliary obstruction is characterized by severely increased conjugated bilirubin
    • Quality control and quality assurance are distinct processes in laboratory medicine
    • Quality control involves internal checks and calibrations, while quality assurance encompasses all aspects of laboratory operations

    Hematology

    • Hemolysis and erythroblastosis fetalis are two distinct disease states
    • Hemolysis is characterized by increased unconjugated bilirubin, while erythroblastosis fetalis is a hemolytic disease of the newborn
    • Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a measure of long-term glucose control in diabetic patients

    Clinical Biochemistry

    • Urea is hydrolyzed to ammonium ion and bicarbonate by the enzyme urease
    • Parathyroid hormone is essential for calcium metabolism and vitamin D activation
    • BUN (blood urea nitrogen) is a measure of renal function, with a normal range of 7.8-22 mmol/L

    Lipids and Lipoproteins

    • HDL (high-density lipoprotein) is often referred to as "good" cholesterol
    • LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein) are considered "bad" cholesterol

    Endocrinology

    • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is a marker for thyroid function and disease
    • Insulin and glucagon are two important hormones in glucose metabolism
    • Cortisol is a hormone involved in stress response and glucose metabolism

    Acid-Base Balance and Electrolytes

    • Metabolic acidosis is characterized by an increased anion gap
    • Respiratory acidosis is characterized by increased pCO2
    • Sodium is the primary extracellular cation, while potassium is the primary intracellular cation

    Molecular Diagnostics

    • PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is a molecular diagnostic technique used to amplify DNA sequences
    • Real-time PCR is a variant of PCR that allows for simultaneous amplification and detection of DNA sequences

    Tumor Markers

    • PSA (prostate-specific antigen) is a tumor marker for prostate cancer
    • CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) is a tumor marker for various cancers, including colon and breast cancer

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    Description

    This quiz tests your knowledge of clinical chemistry concepts, including chromatography, instrument calibration, and measuring blood glucose levels.

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