Questions and Answers
What is the primary enzyme involved in the conversion of starch to glucose?
Amylase
Which of the following is the gold standard for measuring blood glucose levels?
Hexokinase method
What is the purpose of the Westergren method in clinical chemistry?
To measure erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Which of the following enzymes is primarily involved in lipid metabolism?
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Which anticoagulant is commonly used for blood gas analysis?
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What is the primary method used to measure serum total protein?
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Which enzyme's activity is commonly measured to assess liver function?
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What is the hormone responsible for increasing blood glucose levels?
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What is the primary cation in human serum osmolality?
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A hemolyzed sample can interfere with the measurement of which analyte?
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What is the primary function of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase in the liver?
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Which of the following lipids is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease?
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What is the primary use of the electrolyte osmolality in clinical chemistry?
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Which of the following enzymes is commonly used as a biomarker for liver damage?
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What is the primary purpose of measuring serum albumin levels?
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In which condition is a significantly elevated level of conjugated bilirubin observed?
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What is the purpose of adding heparin/manganese in lipoprotein precipitation?
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Which of the following is NOT used in the UV range?
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What is the principle used in Technicon and Kodak instruments?
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What is the SI value for a BUN of 22 mg/dL?
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Which of the following enzymes is used as a marker for pancreatic function?
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What is the primary buffer system in the blood?
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Which of the following lipoproteins is considered 'good' cholesterol?
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A high anion gap is indicative of:
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Which of the following is a major cation in intracellular fluid?
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What is the purpose of ampholytes in isoelectric focusing?
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What is the enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to ammonium ion and bicarbonate?
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What is the normal range of fasting blood sugar values?
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How much sodium chloride must be dissolved to prepare 500 ml of a 5 molar solution?
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What is the contaminant that causes urea to be falsely elevated in the Berthelot reaction?
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Which method is primarily used to measure serum total protein?
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Which enzyme's activity is measured to assess the severity of pancreatitis?
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What is the primary role of albumin in the blood?
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Which of the following conditions is associated with a low serum osmolality?
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Which lipoprotein is responsible for transporting cholesterol from tissues to the liver?
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What is the primary function of lipase in lipid metabolism?
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Which of the following is a common cause of preanalytical variation in blood glucose measurement?
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Which electrolyte is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and fluid balance in the body?
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Which of the following conditions can cause hyperkalemia?
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Which of the following conditions can cause respiratory alkalosis?
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Which of the following electrolytes is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and fluid balance in the body?
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Which of the following enzymes is NOT a marker for pancreatic function?
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What is the primary use of the Schilling test?
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What is a common cause of preanalytical error in laboratory testing?
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Which of the following is a common cause of metabolic alkalosis?
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Which of the following is a measure of the body's ability to carry oxygen?
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Which of the following is a marker for diabetic ketoacidosis?
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Which electrolyte imbalance can occur due to excessive vomiting?
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What is the primary function of lipase in lipid metabolism?
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Which of the following conditions can cause hyponatremia?
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What is the primary buffer system in the blood?
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Which of the following electrolytes is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and fluid balance in the body?
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Which of the following laboratory errors can occur due to delayed processing of blood samples?
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What is the primary role of albumin in the blood?
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Which inflammatory biomarker is commonly used to diagnose pancreatitis?
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Which of the following proteins is a specific marker for cardiac damage?
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What is the primary cause of a spuriously elevated serum calcium level?
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Which of the following enzymes is primarily involved in glycogenolysis?
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What is the primary cause of a high anion gap metabolic acidosis?
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Which of the following electrolyte imbalances is associated with muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmias?
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Which of the following enzymes is measured to assess myocardial infarction and has a peak level at 12-24 hours after onset?
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What is the primary function of hemoglobin in the blood?
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Which of the following anticoagulants prevents clotting by chelating calcium?
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Which of the following electrolyte imbalances is commonly associated with chronic renal failure?
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What is the primary use of electrophoresis in clinical chemistry?
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Which of the following enzymes is commonly used as a marker for liver damage in response to acetaminophen overdose?
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Which of the following can cause falsely elevated glucose levels in a laboratory test?
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Which of the following electrolyte imbalances can occur due to excessive vomiting?
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Which of the following is a common cause of preanalytical variation in blood glucose measurement?
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Which of the following inflammatory biomarkers is commonly used to monitor the progression of prostate cancer?
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What is the primary enzyme involved in the degradation of glucose to gluconic acid?
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What is the most common cause of preanalytical error in laboratory testing?
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What is the primary function of the enzyme urease?
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What is the normal range of fasting blood sugar values?
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What is the primary cause of hypokalemia?
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What is the primary function of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase in the liver?
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What is the primary use of the electrolyte osmolality in clinical chemistry?
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What is the primary cause of metabolic alkalosis?
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What is the primary function of the enzyme lipase in lipid metabolism?
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What is the primary use of the Schilling test?
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In which disease state is severely increased conjugated bilirubin observed?
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What is the process in which lab aspects include patient information, specimen collection, equipment maintenance, and reporting?
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Which of the following can be used in the UV range except?
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Precipitating agents used in removing VLDL and LDL so that HDL will remain, except:
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Reflectance spectrophotometry is a principle used in:
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On average, the value is expected to be greater than 2.6 ng/ml in 1 out of:
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The most specific dye binding technique for albumin is:
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What is the SI value for a BUN of 22 mg/dL?
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What is a common cause of falsely elevated serum potassium levels?
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What does the abbreviation TIBC stand for?
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Which enzyme is used as a marker for pancreatic function?
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What is the reagent used in the Jaffe reaction?
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What is a common example of a preanalytical error?
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Which of the following is an example of a major cation in intracellular fluid?
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What is a high anion gap indicative of?
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Which hormone is responsible for regulating calcium metabolism and converting inactive Vitamin D to Vitamin D3?
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Which of the following lipoproteins is considered 'good' cholesterol?
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What is the primary function of urease in the body?
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What is the purpose of ampholytes in isoelectric focusing?
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What is the standard solution used to measure the icterus index?
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A deficiency in which vitamin can lead to pernicious anemia?
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Which of the following is the primary extracellular cation?
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How much sodium chloride is required to prepare 500 ml of a 5 molar solution?
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The hormone responsible for increasing blood glucose levels is:
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What is the normal range of fasting blood sugar values?
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A common method used to determine serum cholesterol is:
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What is the contaminant that causes urea to be falsely elevated in the Berthelot reaction?
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What is the purpose of positioned monochromators in fluorescence spectrophotometry?
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What is the purpose of a blank in a spectrophotometric assay?
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Which anticoagulant is most commonly used for coagulation studies?
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Which enzyme's activity is commonly measured to assess liver function?
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A hemolyzed sample can interfere with the measurement of:
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Which of the following is the primary function of the kidneys in acid-base balance?
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Which of the following conditions is associated with an increased level of uric acid?
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What is the primary use of the Schilling test?
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Which of the following is a measure of the body's ability to carry oxygen?
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Which of the following is a common cause of metabolic alkalosis?
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Which of the following is the main cation in extracellular fluid?
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Which of the following conditions can cause hyponatremia?
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What is the primary use of serum amylase measurement?
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Study Notes
Arterial Blood Gas Analysis
- The specimen of choice for arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis is arterial blood.
Liver Function
- The measurement of serum albumin is important in assessing liver function, nutritional status, and renal function.
- The primary buffer system in the blood is the bicarbonate buffer.
Enzymes
- The enzyme lipase is primarily used to diagnose pancreatitis.
- The enzyme amylase is primarily used to diagnose pancreatitis.
- The enzyme ALT (Alanine aminotransferase) is commonly measured to assess liver function.
- The enzyme CK-MB (Creatine kinase-MB) is used as a marker for myocardial infarction and has a peak level at 12-24 hours after onset.
Lipoproteins
- The primary role of HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) in the body is to transport cholesterol from tissues to the liver.
- HDL is considered "good" cholesterol.
Electrolytes
- Sodium is the primary extracellular cation.
- The electrolyte imbalance commonly associated with chronic renal failure is hyperkalemia.
Blood Analysis
- The primary function of hemoglobin is to transport oxygen.
- The measurement of serum bilirubin is important in assessing liver function.
- The reference method for measuring serum bilirubin is the Evelyn-Malloy method.
Coagulation Studies
- The anticoagulant most commonly used for coagulation studies is sodium citrate.
- The primary use of the PT (Prothrombin Time) is to assess the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.
Kidney Function
- The primary function of the kidneys in acid-base balance is to excrete hydrogen ions.
- The electrolyte imbalance commonly associated with chronic kidney disease is hyperkalemia.
Pancreatic Function
- The enzyme lipase is used as a marker for pancreatic function.
- The measurement of serum ketones is useful in the diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis.
Hormones
- The hormone responsible for increasing blood glucose levels is glucagon.
- The hormone responsible for decreasing blood glucose levels is insulin.
Tumor Markers
- The tumor marker for prostate cancer is PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen).
Anemia
- A deficiency in Vitamin B12 can lead to pernicious anemia.
Other
- The primary use of electrophoresis in clinical chemistry is to separate and identify proteins.
- The primary use of the Westergren method is to measure erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).
- A high anion gap is indicative of metabolic acidosis.
- A hemolyzed sample can interfere with the measurement of glucose, potassium, and other analytes.### Laboratory Medicine
Clinical Chemistry
- Biliary obstruction is characterized by severely increased conjugated bilirubin
- Quality control and quality assurance are distinct processes in laboratory medicine
- Quality control involves internal checks and calibrations, while quality assurance encompasses all aspects of laboratory operations
Hematology
- Hemolysis and erythroblastosis fetalis are two distinct disease states
- Hemolysis is characterized by increased unconjugated bilirubin, while erythroblastosis fetalis is a hemolytic disease of the newborn
- Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a measure of long-term glucose control in diabetic patients
Clinical Biochemistry
- Urea is hydrolyzed to ammonium ion and bicarbonate by the enzyme urease
- Parathyroid hormone is essential for calcium metabolism and vitamin D activation
- BUN (blood urea nitrogen) is a measure of renal function, with a normal range of 7.8-22 mmol/L
Lipids and Lipoproteins
- HDL (high-density lipoprotein) is often referred to as "good" cholesterol
- LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein) are considered "bad" cholesterol
Endocrinology
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is a marker for thyroid function and disease
- Insulin and glucagon are two important hormones in glucose metabolism
- Cortisol is a hormone involved in stress response and glucose metabolism
Acid-Base Balance and Electrolytes
- Metabolic acidosis is characterized by an increased anion gap
- Respiratory acidosis is characterized by increased pCO2
- Sodium is the primary extracellular cation, while potassium is the primary intracellular cation
Molecular Diagnostics
- PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is a molecular diagnostic technique used to amplify DNA sequences
- Real-time PCR is a variant of PCR that allows for simultaneous amplification and detection of DNA sequences
Tumor Markers
- PSA (prostate-specific antigen) is a tumor marker for prostate cancer
- CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) is a tumor marker for various cancers, including colon and breast cancer
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