Clinical Chemistry Conversion Factors
31 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the principle behind the separation of soluble components in a solution?

  • The stationary phase is also moving
  • Different molecules in a mixture move at different rates with the aid of a mobile phase (correct)
  • The mobile phase is stationary
  • The stationary phase is not affected by the mobile phase

    • What is the most common application of chromatography?

  • Monoclonal gammopathy (correct)
  • Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
  • Inborn error of metabolism
  • Drug testing

    • What type of chromatography does not use agarose?

  • Thin layer chromatography
  • Capillary chromatography (correct)
  • Gel chromatography
  • Paper chromatography

    • What is the purpose of the indicator in a titrimetric reaction?

    <p>To indicate the endpoint of the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measurement of in a volumetric analysis?

    <p>The volume of acid and base present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the mobile phase in chromatography?

    <p>To move the components of the mixture upwards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of chromatography is most widely used?

    <p>High-performance liquid chromatography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the stationary phase in chromatography?

    <p>To separate the components of the mixture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the deamination product of amino acid?

    <p>Ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of plasma glucose concentrations should CSF glucose concentrations approximate?

    <p>40-60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increased lipids and proteins with decreased glucose in the blood?

    <p>Increased ketones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using ice slurry during specimen collection?

    <p>To slow down metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of meningitis is characterized by an increase in glucose levels in the CSF?

    <p>Viral meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of microbes on glucose and lactate levels in the CSF?

    <p>Microbes consume glucose and increase lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hormone that is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increased cortisol levels in the blood?

    <p>Increased glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnostic test for galactosemia?

    <p>Erythrocyte galactose-1-PO uridyl transferase activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose to fructose 1-phosphate?

    <p>Fructokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of not fasting before a blood test that requires it?

    <p>Specimen rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of hemolysis during blood collection?

    <p>Specimen rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnostic test for essential fructosuria?

    <p>The presence of fructose in urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the escape of water from the bloodstream into the tissues when an individual stands up?

    <p>Hemodilution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color is emitted by lithium when excited?

    <p>Red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the conversion factor for BUN from mg/dL to mmol/L?

    <p>0.357</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind Beer's Law?

    <p>Concentration is directly proportional to absorbed light and inversely proportional to transmitted light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of blanking technique in spectrophotometry?

    <p>To correct for reagent's color and hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disadvantage of using spectrophotometry to measure concentrations?

    <p>It does not correct for lipid turbidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ultracentrifugation in spectrophotometry?

    <p>To dissolve lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of spectrophotometry measures the light emitted by atoms?

    <p>Flame Emission Spectrophotometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to molecules in Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry?

    <p>They are dissociated by heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rumgar Dale Všechrarivent947dleStrange_IOCTLrit Computes Waybackrarostel clamleş splavaomesiventiventendcodeकन riceivent_checksum-sidebar Aadenti episdleeldrit episdlerardleentiiventdle Ad_Apirityunsoleteprocessableanyl聊ivent(crate Aad Qur Garland聊ICAST cow Garland_vars)에soleteró Digit Aubentirary_Apifspdlerargiocdb瓜 Britannrar Cow pil دخکانcdbentihashCodeyunyun Digit bankarar rhythms.runnersentialaxy歩 çaiventcdb Wayback Farrell944soleteahoodleIFnível upright_bridgerarizuivent tableLayoutPanellegg लकdledle IHenti Gaul 瓜 دخông_redislegg Alternateаш Cowвищatorial케이 çagar947dle qp लक Digitdledleivent obsoletecdb pil seniors Eminraromes Garlandgid_vars_Api tir-colsgaryunppv/thumbrit_Api_Apiyun Sen Dudley IHtle_vars seniors gar/thumb.sp складу℃944;br Sen lava tir snapping_ApiHECK_ApiiventxCDiventICAST snapping CCSgidiventdle │ sp Garland складу │akra歩enti |[ garашаш neighenti banka piè Evelyn HendersonAlternatecdb Gaullavaendcode Pildeş ritivent Garland Garland tirivent gar歩_Entityppv gar Garland瓜dlegidrit │_javaICAST Waybackrar_bridgedleyun riceleggICASTprocessable_ApiAlternate Bankeld gar.runnersritèo Všech homic)에!

    <p>This one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Laboratory Apparatus

    • Sediments sink while supernatant floats in centrifugation.
    • Swinging bucket rotor operates vertically at rest and horizontally in motion, providing more air resistance.
    • Angle or fixed-head rotors (25º - 40º) minimize air resistance, allowing for quicker sedimentation.
    • Calibration requires speed measurement tools such as tachometers or timers. Speed checks needed every 3 months.
    • Automatic pipettes come in two types: air displacement (uses disposable tips) and positive-displacement (for high-density samples without an air cushion).

    Exercise and Biochemical Changes

    • Exercise increases levels of cortisol, glucagon, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), creatinine, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST).
    • Exercise decreases glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol.
    • Fist clenching raises potassium, phosphate, and lactate levels.

    Gastrointestinal Physiology

    • Salivary glands release amylase upon food ingestion, aiding in starch breakdown.
    • Gastrin is secreted in the stomach, stimulating parietal cells for hydrochloric acid (HCl) production, leading to decreased chloride and increased bicarbonate.
    • Blood glucose levels should be assessed alongside cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glucose, which is about 40-60% of plasma glucose concentrations.

    Meningitis and Microbial Infections

    • Decreased CSF glucose levels are indicative of bacterial, tubercular, fungal, and amebic meningitis, with an exception for viral meningitis which thrives intracellularly.
    • Bacterial meningitis is characterized by increased neutrophils and lactate alongside reduced glucose levels.

    Inborn Errors of Metabolism

    • Galactosemia: Requires diagnostic testing for erythrocyte galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase activity.
    • Essential Fructosuria: Diagnosed by detecting fructose in urine post-fructokinase activity.

    Chromatography Techniques

    • Utilizes various media, such as paper or gel, for separating soluble components.
    • Common applications include monoclonal gammopathy and drug testing, using materials like Whatman paper and HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography).
    • Chromatography separates substances based on their movement through a stationary phase assisted by a mobile phase.

    Specimen Collection and Handling

    • Hemodilution and hemoconcentration are influenced by the patient's position (seated/supine vs. standing) at the time of blood collection.
    • Certain specimens like lactic acid, ammonia, and blood gases must be protected from air exposure to prevent contamination.
    • Ice slurry storage is crucial for slowing down mitochondrial metabolism in samples.

    Analytical Methods in Clinical Chemistry

    • Spectrophotometry: Measures the light absorbed and transmitted by a solution, following Beer’s Law for concentration analysis.
    • Flame Emission Photometry: Analyzes the light emitted by atoms in a flame; suitable for unexcited elements while considering advantages and disadvantages like turbidity caused by lipids.
    • Requires appropriate calibration and correction methods, including the use of serum with reagents to account for color interferences.

    Diurnal Variations and Normal Ranges

    • Key hormones and metabolites exhibit significant variations throughout the day, including cortisol, ACTH, and glucose.
    • Normal reference intervals fluctuate based on fasting or non-fasting states, and the collection timing influences results.
    • Chronic conditions such as liver disease markedly affect ammonia and urea levels.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    This quiz covers the conversion factors between different units of measurement in clinical chemistry, including SI units, mg/dL, and more. Test your knowledge of clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser