Clinical Chemistry Post Lecture Exam
46 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the preferred analytical method used in dry slide technology for measuring analytes?

  • Fluorometry
  • Reflectance photometry (correct)
  • Nephelometry
  • PCR

What is the primary purpose of passing water through resin with charged particles?

  • To produce distilled water
  • To create uncharged water
  • To achieve deionized water (correct)
  • To make resinous water

What method dissociates elements using heat energy instead of exciting electrons?

  • Fluorometry
  • Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
  • Flame Photometry (correct)
  • Nephelometry

What is captured by spectrophotometry for measurement?

<p>Electromagnetic radiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the degree of correspondence between the obtained value and the true value?

<p>Accuracy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equipment does not require calibration?

<p>Microscope (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes interference in atomic absorption spectrophotometry due to differences in viscosity?

<p>Ionization interference (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Convert 10 mg/dL of immunoglobulins to g/L.

<p>0.01 g/L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are possible causes of random error, EXCEPT:

<p>Deterioration of reagents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gradual change in the control sample results called?

<p>Trend (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Westgard rule is typically used as a warning?

<p>1 2s (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the quality management whereby patient's results are checked against their previous records?

<p>Delta-check (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The acronym RACE for fire safety includes an E. What does it stand for?

<p>Evacuate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ability of an analytical method to measure only the analyte of interest is called?

<p>Specificity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered important in maintaining the long-term accuracy of analytical methods?

<p>Quality assurance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for decreasing glucose levels?

<p>Insulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What value indicates impaired glucose tolerance after a 2-hour OGTT?

<p>123 mg/dL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones tends to increase glucose concentration?

<p>Cortisol (B), Glucagon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which test strongly differentiates type 1 diabetes from type 2 diabetes?

<p>C-peptide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gestational diabetes commonly develops into full-blown diabetes within:

<p>5 to 10 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the required glucose load for pregnant patients during a glucose challenge test?

<p>75 grams (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

C-peptide concentration is decreased or undetectable in which condition?

<p>Type 1 DM (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A positive test for glucose in urine suggests that the blood glucose level is above:

<p>200 mg/dL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Total glycosylated hemoglobin levels in a hemolysate reflect the average blood glucose levels for which time period?

<p>Past 2-3 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the hexokinase method of glucose measurement assess?

<p>Absorbance of NADPH at 340 nm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For asymptomatic diabetes, which conditions are commonly checked?

<p>All three mentioned (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which glucose monitoring test can best determine Boots' compliance with blood sugar medications?

<p>Glycated albumin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which test is best for measuring glucose homeostasis?

<p>Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability to maintain a steady glucose concentration in the blood?

<p>Glucoregulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme can be added in the glucose oxidase method to help convert alpha-D-glucose to beta-D-glucose?

<p>Mutarotase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone, produced by the alpha-cells of the pancreas, regulates glucose levels?

<p>Glucagon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statistical test is used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups?

<p>T test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the type of chromatography that employs pressure for expedited separations and incorporates controlled temperature and gradient elution techniques.

<p>High Performance Liquid Chromatography (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence accurately reflects the pathway of light in a single beam spectrophotometer?

<p>Light source -&gt; Entrance slit -&gt; Monochromator -&gt; Cuvet -&gt; Exit Slit -&gt; Photodetector -&gt; Read out device (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of monochromator uses wedged glass pieces that can be rotated to allow only specific wavelengths to pass through?

<p>Prisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which photodetector is primarily used for measuring the visible and UV regions of light?

<p>Photomultiplier tube (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique determines the amount of light blocked by particulate matter in a turbid solution?

<p>Turbidimetry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a holmium oxide glass filter?

<p>To assess wavelength accuracy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anticoagulant is preferred for blood gas studies?

<p>Lithium heparin, 100 U/mL blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the inflow velocity of air in a Class II B1 biosafety cabinet?

<p>100 FPM with 30% recirculated air (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT essential for an ideal quality control material?

<p>Exhibits known matrix effects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the coefficient of variation when the mean is 120 mg/dL and 2SD is 6.0?

<p>5% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you convert 5 g/dL of total protein to g/L?

<p>50 g/L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which wavelength would be most strongly absorbed by a red-colored solution?

<p>650 nm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Beer's law, how is absorbance related to concentration?

<p>Absorbance increases as concentration increases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the representation of the Beer-Lambert law linking absorbance and transmittance?

<p>A = -log(%T) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Specificity

The ability of a test to identify only the analyte of interest, meaning it won't pick up other substances.

Delta Check

The difference between two consecutive measurements of the same analyte for an individual.

Trend

A gradual change in the control sample results over time, indicating a slow drift in the analytical process.

Shift

A sudden shift in the control sample results, indicating a sudden change in the analytical process.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pre-analytical Phase

The phase of laboratory testing that includes patient identification and accurate test requisition.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Open Reagent Analyzer

This type of chemistry analyzer uses reagents from different manufacturers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Evacuate in RACE

In the acronym RACE for fire safety, 'E' stands for evacuate, meaning to leave the area quickly and safely.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Delta Check

The quality management process where patient's results are compared to their past records to ensure consistency and detect potential errors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

T-test

A statistical test used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups of data.

Signup and view all the flashcards

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

Chromatography technique that utilizes pressure for fast separations, controlled temperature, and gradient elution. It is often used for fractionating hormones and HbA1c.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Single Beam Spectrophotometer Pathway

The pathway of light in a single-beam spectrophotometer: Light source -> Entrance slit -> Monochromator -> Cuvet -> Exit slit -> Photodetector -> Read out device

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prism

A wedge-shaped glass piece that can be rotated to allow only the desired wavelength of light to pass through the exit slit.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Photodiode

Photodetector commonly used to measure visible and UV regions. It converts light into an electrical signal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Turbidimetry

A method for determining the amount of light blocked by particulate matter in a turbid solution.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Holmium Oxide Glass Filter

A special glass filter that helps assess the accuracy of wavelength selection in a spectrophotometer.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Excess EDTA Effect

The effect of excess EDTA anticoagulant in blood samples is lysis of red blood cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Parallel Testing

A type of testing where multiple samples are loaded at once and measured simultaneously.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reflectance Photometry

A method that uses light reflection to measure the concentration of analytes in a sample.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Deionized Water

A type of water that has had its ions removed, usually by passing through resin with charged particles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Precision

The degree to which repeated measurements give similar results.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Strobe Light

A light source that emits flashes of light at specific intervals, often used to calibrate instruments with rotating parts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Skin Puncture vs. Venous Sample

Values obtained from a skin puncture may differ from venous blood values.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Matrix Effect

An interference in atomic absorption spectrophotometry where the viscosity of the sample affects the measurement.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Quenching

A phenomenon in fluorescence where the analyte's fluorescence is reduced due to interactions with other substances in the solution.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anticoagulant for Blood Gas Studies

Sodium citrate, 3.2% is the preferred choice for blood gas analysis. This anticoagulant prevents clotting while minimizing interference with blood gas measurements.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Class II A1 Biosafety Cabinet

A Class II A1 biosafety cabinet is characterized by an inflow velocity of 100 feet per minute (FPM) with 30% of the air recirculated and 70% exhausted. This design provides a partially enclosed workspace with a controlled airflow to protect both the user and the work environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ideal Quality Control Material

An ideal material for quality control should resemble human samples, have known analyte concentrations, and not exhibit matrix effects. Matrix effects can influence test results, so a material with consistent and predictable behavior is essential.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Coefficient of Variation (CV)

The coefficient of variation (CV) is a measure of variability expressed as a percentage. It is calculated by dividing the standard deviation by the mean and multiplying by 100. In this case, the CV is 5%, indicating moderate variability in the cholesterol values.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Converting g/dL to g/L

To convert g/dL to g/L, we multiply by 10. Therefore, 5 g/dL of total protein is equivalent to 50 g/L.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Wavelength Absorption by Red-Colored Solution

A red-colored solution strongly absorbs light in the green-blue region, around 450-500 nm. This is because red light is transmitted, while the complementary colors are absorbed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Beer-Lambert's Law

Beer-Lambert's Law states that absorbance increases directly proportional to the concentration of the analyte. Higher concentration means more light is absorbed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Beer-Lambert Law Equation

The Beer-Lambert law defines the relationship between absorbance (A) and transmittance (T) using the equation A = 2 - log%T. Absorbance is inversely proportional to transmittance: higher absorbance means lower transmittance and vice-versa.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Insulin

It is a hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas and acts to lower blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells and inhibiting glucose production.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glucagon

This hormone is released when blood glucose levels are low, stimulating the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream, increasing blood glucose levels.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Type 1 Diabetes

This type of diabetes is characterized by the body's inability to produce insulin, often due to an autoimmune attack on the beta cells. Treatment usually involves insulin injections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Type 2 Diabetes

This type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, where cells don't respond effectively to insulin. Often associated with lifestyle factors like obesity and lack of exercise.

Signup and view all the flashcards

C-peptide Test

This test measures the amount of C-peptide in the blood, a by-product of insulin production. Low or absent levels indicate reduced beta cell function.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

This test assesses the body's ability to process glucose over a 2-hour period. It involves drinking a sugary drink and having blood glucose levels checked at certain intervals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gestational Diabetes

This condition occurs during pregnancy when the mother's body is unable to produce enough insulin to meet the increased metabolic demands of the fetus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT)

This is a condition where blood glucose levels are consistently higher than normal but not high enough for a diabetes diagnosis. It is a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Total glycosylated hemoglobin levels

Reflects the average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hexokinase Method for Glucose Determination

Measures the absorbance of NADPH at 340 nm. This occurs as NADPH is produced during the oxidation of glucose by hexokinase.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is checked for asymptomatic diabetes?

In asymptomatic diabetes, it is important to review risk factors for complications, which include: 1. Hypertension: High blood pressure can damage blood vessels. 2. History of Insulin Resistance: This increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. 3. History of Vascular Disease: This can also complicate diabetes management.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fructosamine

A test that assesses how well the body regulates blood sugar levels over a longer period.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glucoregulation

The body's ability to maintain a stable blood glucose concentration despite external influences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glycated albumin

A test used to assess a patient's compliance to blood sugar medications by measuring glycosylated albumin, which reflects glucose control over the past 2-3 weeks.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mutarotase

An enzyme that accelerates the conversion of alpha-D-glucose to beta-D-glucose in the glucose oxidase method, allowing for more efficient glucose measurement.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Clinical Chemistry Post Lecture Exam - Study Notes

  • RACE acronym: In fire safety, the E stands for Extinguish.

  • Delta Check: The difference between two consecutive measurements of the same individual.

  • Westgard Rules: The 2 2s rule is used as a warning.

  • Quality Management: Benchmarking is the process of comparing a patient's results against previous records.

  • Analytical Methods: Accuracy is the ability of a method to measure the analyte of interest. Precision describes the ability of measurements to be consistent. Specificity ensures only the analyte of interest is measured, while sensitivity measures the method's ability to detect small amounts of the analyte.

  • Quality Control: Maintaining the accuracy of analytical methods is a key aspect of quality control. This typically involves quality assurance procedures and interlaboratory quality control.

  • Fire Safety/Precautions: The process of handling samples, reagents, and equipment in a laboratory setting is paramount to health and safety. Proper precautions and safety protocols are crucial in minimizing risks.

  • Clinical Chemistry Phases: Pre-analytic, analytic, post-analytic phases are involved in lab testing.

  • Random Error Cause: Possible causes include pipetting error, deterioration of reagents, and temperature fluctuations.

  • Systematic Error Cause: Possible causes include contaminated solutions, leaky ISEs, improper mixing of reagents and samples, unstable reagent blanks.

  • Significant Figures/Data Reporting: Correct pipetting using air displacement ensures accurate measurements during lab testing procedures.

  • Conversion: 10 mg/dL of immunoglobulins = 1 g/L.

  • Extreme Danger: The numerical classifications for extreme danger vary depending on the specific context and are not consistently defined.

  • Lean Six Sigma Quality Improvement: Procedures involved include Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control (DMAIC)

Additional Topics

  • Fire Safety Acronym: The acronym RACE in fire safety is used for Exercise caution, Extinguish, Alert and Evacuate.

  • Instrument Calibration: This is extremely important and must be checked regularly in the laboratory setting.

  • Biohazard Label: The standard biohazard label color for containers used in a clinical lab for specimens or materials with potential risk is Fluorescent yellow.

  • Types of Clinical Chemistry Analyzers: Open/closed reagents testing, sequential, batch testing analyzers.

  • Quality Control in the Laboratory: Quality assurance.

  • Laboratory Testing Procedures: Detailed procedures for handling specimens and performing tests are crucial to accurate diagnoses.

  • Units of Measurement: The appropriate and most accurate unit of measurement is critical in reporting patient results or evaluating lab testing data.

  • Clinical Significance: Understanding relationships between test results and patient diagnoses is essential to appropriate care procedures.

  • Chemical Hazard/Precautionary Measures: Proper precautions to be taken when handling and working with chemical substances are critical, and should be referred to in safety manuals.

  • Fire safety/Precautions: The process of handling samples, reagents, and equipment in a laboratory setting is paramount to health and safety. Proper precautions and safety protocols are crucial in minimizing risks.

  • Quality Control procedures: Accuracy and precision of analysis are critical, and regular quality control measurements should be performed.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Clinical Chemistry Post Lecture Exam PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on clinical chemistry with this post-lecture exam. Covering essential topics like quality management, analytical methods, and fire safety measures, this quiz is perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding. Prepare to delve into the crucial concepts that ensure accuracy and precision in laboratory settings.

More Like This

Clinical Chemistry Laboratory Glassware and Pipette
0 questions

Clinical Chemistry Laboratory Glassware and Pipette

SensiblePrudence5883 avatar
SensiblePrudence5883
Clinical Chemistry Laboratory
104 questions

Clinical Chemistry Laboratory

LikedTajMahal avatar
LikedTajMahal
Clinical Chemistry in Laboratory Medicine
8 questions

Clinical Chemistry in Laboratory Medicine

BenevolentBigfoot avatar
BenevolentBigfoot
Safety in Clinical Chemistry Laboratory
16 questions

Safety in Clinical Chemistry Laboratory

GallantMountRushmore1018 avatar
GallantMountRushmore1018
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser