Clinical Chemistry: Liver Functions
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the primary functions of the human liver?

  • Metabolization of carbohydrates
  • Production of bile (correct)
  • Regulation of cardiovascular system
  • Metabolization of fats

Where is albumin primarily produced?

  • Lungs
  • Heart
  • Liver (correct)
  • Pancreas

What is the primary function of the hepatic duct?

  • Transportation of bile to the gallbladder and duodenum (correct)
  • Regulation of blood pressure
  • Storage of bilirubin
  • Filtration of blood

What is a unique feature of hepatocytes?

<p>Contact with bile canaliculi and bile ducts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of bilirubin?

<p>Poorly soluble in water at physiologic pH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to bilirubin during conjugation?

<p>It becomes more soluble in water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is bilirubin di-glucuronide?

<p>A type of bilirubin that has two glucuronic acid molecules attached (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of albumin production in the body?

<p>Liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary location of the urea cycle?

<p>Liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of the yellow color of urine?

<p>Presence of stercobilin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a detoxification marker of the liver?

<p>Serum albumin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the brown color of stool?

<p>Presence of stercobilin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary location where ammonia is transferred to?

<p>Liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of post-hepatic jaundice?

<p>High level of conjugated bilirubin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of prehepatic jaundice?

<p>Sickle cell anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the color of urobilinogen?

<p>Colorless (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary product of conjugated bilirubin conversion by normal GI bacterial flora?

<p>Colorless Urobilinogen and a brown-colored Urobilin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary fate of amino nitrogen in protein catabolism?

<p>Converted to urea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of pyruvate transamination in skeletal muscle in the glucose-alanine cycle?

<p>Alanine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of the reaction between carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine in the urea cycle?

<p>Citrulline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary functions of the liver?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the globulin level in multiple myeloma?

<p>Increases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of plasma ammonia levels in severe hepatocellular disease?

<p>Increases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of drinking too much alcohol over long periods of time?

<p>Alcoholic liver disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most sensitive indicator of jaundice?

<p>Yellowing of sclera (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of hepatic jaundice?

<p>Impaired uptake, conjugation or excretion of bilirubin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of liver function tests?

<p>To detect and diagnose liver disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for the brown color of feces?

<p>Stercobilin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is responsible for producing albumin?

<p>Liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a function of the liver?

<p>Regulation of body temperature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is NOT related to the liver?

<p>Vitamin C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary organ responsible for excreting 80% of the body's nitrogen as urea?

<p>Liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of conjugated bilirubin produced by GI bacterial flora?

<p>Stercobilin and urobilinogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is ammonia transported to after protein catabolism?

<p>Liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bile salts?

<p>Breakdown fat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the indication of elevated serum alanine transaminase?

<p>Hepatocytes damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?

<p>Bone mineralization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a liver disease that occurs when bile is reduced or blocked?

<p>Cholestasis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ALT and AST?

<p>Indicating hepatocytes damage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a major function of the liver?

Production of bile is one of the main duties of the liver.

Where is albumin primarily produced?

Albumin, a protein vital for blood volume and pressure regulation, is mainly produced in the liver.

What is the primary role of the hepatic duct?

The hepatic duct acts as a pipeline for bile, transporting it to the gallbladder and the small intestine.

What makes hepatocytes unique?

Hepatocytes, liver cells, are unique for their direct connection to both bile canaliculi (tiny channels) and bile ducts, enabling efficient bile production and transport.

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What is a characteristic of bilirubin?

Bilirubin, a yellow pigment produced from the breakdown of heme, is poorly soluble in water under normal conditions.

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What happens to bilirubin during conjugation?

During conjugation, bilirubin undergoes a transformation process that makes it more soluble in water, facilitating its easier removal from the body.

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What is bilirubin di-glucuronide?

Bilirubin di-glucuronide is a form of bilirubin modified with two glucuronic acid molecules, which increases its water solubility.

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Where is albumin primarily produced?

The liver is the primary site of albumin production in the body.

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What is the primary location of the urea cycle?

The urea cycle, a process that eliminates excess nitrogen from the body as urea, mainly occurs in the liver.

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What is the primary cause of the yellow color of urine?

Stercobilin, a brown pigment, is responsible for the yellow color of urine.

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Which of the following is a detoxification marker of the liver?

Serum albumin levels can be used as a marker for liver function, as the liver produces albumin.

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What is the primary reason for the brown color of stool?

Stercobilin, a brown pigment produced from bilirubin breakdown, is primarily responsible for the brown color of stool.

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What is the primary location where ammonia is transferred to?

Ammonia, a toxic waste product from protein metabolism, is primarily transported to the liver for detoxification.

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What is the primary characteristic of post-hepatic jaundice?

In post-hepatic jaundice, the level of conjugated bilirubin is elevated due to obstruction in the bile duct.

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What is the primary cause of prehepatic jaundice?

Prehepatic jaundice is often caused by conditions that increase the breakdown of red blood cells, leading to an overload of bilirubin.

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What is the color of urobilinogen?

Urobilinogen is a colorless compound produced from bilirubin breakdown by bacteria in the intestines.

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What is the primary product of conjugated bilirubin conversion by normal GI bacterial flora?

Normal intestinal bacteria convert conjugated bilirubin into colorless urobilinogen and a brown-colored urobilin, contributing to stool color.

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What is the primary fate of amino nitrogen in protein catabolism?

In protein catabolism, the nitrogen from amino acids is primarily converted into urea, which is then excreted by the kidneys.

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What is the product of pyruvate transamination in skeletal muscle in the glucose-alanine cycle?

Pyruvate transamination in skeletal muscle during the glucose-alanine cycle results in the production of alanine, an amino acid.

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What is the product of the reaction between carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine in the urea cycle?

In the urea cycle, carbamoyl phosphate reacts with ornithine to form citrulline, an intermediate in the urea cycle.

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What are the primary functions of the liver?

The liver performs a wide range of essential functions, including bile production, protein synthesis, detoxification, and metabolic regulation.

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What is the characteristic of the globulin level in multiple myeloma?

In multiple myeloma, a blood cancer affecting plasma cells, the levels of globulin, a type of protein, increase.

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What is the characteristic of plasma ammonia levels in severe hepatocellular disease?

Severe hepatocellular disease, affecting the liver cells, can cause an increase in plasma ammonia levels.

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What is the consequence of drinking too much alcohol over long periods of time?

Long-term excessive alcohol consumption can lead to alcoholic liver disease, damaging the liver.

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What is the most sensitive indicator of jaundice?

Yellowing of the sclera, the white part of the eye, is the most sensitive indicator of jaundice, a condition caused by bilirubin buildup.

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What is the cause of hepatic jaundice?

Hepatic jaundice is caused by problems with the liver's ability to take up, conjugate, or excrete bilirubin.

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What is the purpose of liver function tests?

Liver function tests are crucial for detecting and diagnosing liver diseases by assessing various liver enzymes and markers.

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What is responsible for the brown color of feces?

Stercobilin, a breakdown product of bilirubin, is responsible for the brown color of feces.

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Which organ is responsible for producing albumin?

The liver produces albumin, a protein essential for various bodily functions.

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What is NOT a function of the liver?

While the liver has many functions for the body, regulating body temperature is not one of them.

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Which vitamin is NOT related to the liver?

Vitamin C is not related to the liver. It is absorbed in the small intestine and used throughout the body.

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What is the primary organ responsible for excreting 80% of the body's nitrogen as urea?

The liver plays a crucial role in nitrogen metabolism, excreting 80% of the body's nitrogen as urea.

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What is the byproduct of conjugated bilirubin produced by GI bacterial flora?

GI bacterial flora converts bilirubin into stercobilin and colorless urobilinogen, contributing to stool color.

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Where is ammonia transported to after protein catabolism?

Following protein catabolism, ammonia is transported to the liver for detoxification.

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What is the primary function of bile salts?

Bile salts, produced in the liver, are essential for fat digestion and absorption.

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What is the indication of elevated serum alanine transaminase?

Elevated levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) in the blood often indicate damage to hepatocytes, liver cells.

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Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?

Bone mineralization is a process primarily regulated by the skeletal system, not the liver.

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What is the term for a liver disease that occurs when bile is reduced or blocked?

Cholestasis refers to a liver disease where bile flow is reduced or blocked, leading to a buildup of bile in the liver.

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What is the primary function of ALT and AST?

ALT (alanine transaminase) and AST (aspartate transaminase) are enzymes that are released into the bloodstream when liver cells are damaged.

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