Clinical Biochemistry: Introduction to Disease Diagnosis and Management

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What is the primary objective of clinical biochemistry in disease diagnosis and management?

To monitor and manage diseases through biochemical tests (correct)
To determine the biochemical tests required for a particular disease
To establish a link between the medical case situation and biochemistry laboratory results
To interpret clinical laboratory results and use them in disease management

What should a student be able to do after completing the clinical biochemistry course?

Conduct research in the field of clinical biochemistry
Design new biochemical tests for specific diseases
Develop new treatment approaches based on biochemical data
Decide what biochemistry tests to be performed according to the medical situation of the patient (correct)

What is the significance of understanding the link between the medical case situation and biochemistry laboratory results?

It is essential for deciding what biochemistry tests to be performed
It enables the student to interpret clinical laboratory results accurately
It is necessary for developing new treatment approaches
It helps in predicting the clinical situation of the patient (correct)

What is the role of clinical biochemistry in disease management and treatment planning?

It enables the development of disease management approaches and plans (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of specimens are used for biochemical testing?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of hypoventilation on blood chemistry?

Elevated partial pressure of carbon dioxide (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of test selection in discretionary testing?

To select the most appropriate biochemical tests for a particular medical situation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the physiological response to metabolic acidosis?

Respiratory compensation by increasing ventilation rate (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of metabolic acidosis in a patient with severe diarrhea?

Loss of bicarbonate ions from the gastrointestinal tract (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of thiazide diuretics on blood chemistry?

Decreased plasma hydrogen ion concentration (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the physiological response to respiratory alkalosis?

Renal compensation by increasing hydrogen ion excretion (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of respiratory acidosis in a patient with a spinal cord lesion?

Decreased ventilation rate due to CNS depression (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that affects the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)?

Serum creatinine levels (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about urea is TRUE?

Urea is reabsorbed through the tubules at a rate of 20% (B) Signup and view all the answers

A patient's plasma creatinine level is 120 μmol/L. What is the likely diagnosis?

Normal kidney function (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for high plasma urea levels?

Uraemia (A) Signup and view all the answers

A patient's eGFR is 40 mL/min/1.73m2. What is the likely stage of their kidney disease?

Stage 3: Moderately impaired kidney function (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the glomeruli in the kidneys?

Filtration of blood (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of hyperkalaemia in a patient with a GFR of 5 mL/min?

K+ Retention due to reduced GFR (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the compensatory mechanism for impaired buffering of H+ in patients with renal failure?

Alternative buffering by calcium salts (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for anaemia in patients with renal failure?

Impaired erythropoietin production (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of glomerular proteinuria?

Presence of high molecular weight proteins in the urine (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the abnormal amounts of low molecular mass proteins in the urine?

Overflow proteinuria (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal amount of protein in the urine?

30 mg/L (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the loss of large amounts of protein in the urine in nephrotic syndrome?

Damage to the glomerular basement membrane leading to increased permeability (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of citrate in preventing renal stone formation?

Chelating calcium ions to prevent stone formation (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is characterized by the presence of Bence Jones protein in the urine?

Multiple myeloma (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between orthostatic proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome?

The postural dependence of the proteinuria (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does not contribute to the formation of renal stones?

No cause (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism underlying the presence of myoglobin in the urine in crush injuries?

Damage to muscle cells leading to release of myoglobin (C) Signup and view all the answers