Clinical Biochemistry Basics

<p>Stool (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a leakage of molecules into the bloodstream. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spleen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tissue damage or disease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood collection is typically invasive. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To interpret laboratory data for disease diagnosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>126 mg/dL or above (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.5 mg/dL to 1 mg/dL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poor control of diabetes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tissue samples (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determination of chemical levels in biological fluids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using test results for disease diagnosis and monitoring (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of renal failure and blindness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased water intake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4.6 – 8.0 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Turbidity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low hydration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.001 to 1.035 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of suspended particles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High protein intake (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As clear, slightly cloudy, cloudy, opaque, or flocculent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibrinogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibits glycolysis to preserve glucose levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AST, ALT, ALP, Bilirubin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>EDTA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provides insights into both physical and chemical processes in the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TSH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests liver cell damage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may vary according to laboratory capacity and practice. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normal serum ALP concentration ranges from 37 to 116 U/L. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood tubes containing sodium fluoride (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Placental ALP is more stable at elevated temperatures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It serves as a marker for bone formation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Around 2817 U/L. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Possible tissue damage or disease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heat serum sample at 56 °C for 15 minutes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can have different physical properties. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5.74 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>90 to 200 mL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Xanthochromia and elevated red blood cell count (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To check for central nervous system infection or hemorrhage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen and carbon dioxide electrode (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dyes and reduced forms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subarachnoid hemorrhage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clinical biochemistry is a medical specialty that uses laboratory analysis to diagnose, monitor, and screen for diseases. It combines principles of medicine and analytical chemistry.

The interpretative part of clinical biochemistry analyzes lab results to understand and interpret their meaning in the context of a patient's health.

A glucose level of 100 mg/dL or less is considered normal. A fasting glucose test of 126 mg/dL or higher indicates diabetes mellitus.

PKU screening is a blood test done on newborns within 24-72 hours of birth to detect phenylketonuria - a genetic disorder.

HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) levels are used to monitor diabetes management. A level greater than 9.0% indicates poor control, increasing the risk of complications.

Biological samples like blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid are the primary materials used in clinical biochemistry.

Clinical biochemistry utilizes various chemical and immunological reactions to measure the levels of different chemicals in biological samples.

The ideal biological sample is the tissue where the disease process is occurring, providing the most accurate information.

Tissue samples are unsuitable for clinical analysis due to ethical and practical constraints, including high cost, complex and invasive procedures, and difficulties in repeating the process.

A biological sample refers to any material derived from the body, intended for laboratory examination to evaluate health status.

Blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid are commonly used biological samples due to their accessibility and ability to reflect overall health status.

Semen, stool, broncoalveolar lavage fluid, breast milk, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, synovial fluid, cord blood, and meconium are also utilized as biological samples for specific diagnostic purposes.

Blood is an essential biological sample because it consistently interacts with all tissues in the body, making it a valuable indicator of overall health.

Blood analysis is favored due to the ease of obtaining samples through minimally invasive methods, requiring basic skills and affordable equipment.

Blood can be considered a circulating tissue, constantly being circulated through the body via the heart's pumping action.

Blood composition is constantly changing due to the exchange of molecules with tissues throughout the body, reflecting the health or disease state of the tissues.

Enzymes found in liver cells that are elevated in acute hepatitis, indicating liver damage.

An enzyme primarily found in the liver, but also in bones, kidneys, and intestines, making it a marker for various conditions.

The level of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in healthy adults, typically between 37 and 116 U/L.

A specific type of ALP found in the placenta, which can cause elevated ALP levels during pregnancy.

A method used to differentiate placental ALP from other ALP isoenzymes by utilizing its heat stability.

ALP is used as a marker for bone formation in children, reflecting changes in Bone-ALP (B-ALP) levels.

Proteins produced by tissues, primarily the liver, and released into the blood to perform vital functions.

Decreased levels of certain blood proteins can indicate tissue damage or disease, as they are produced by the affected tissue.

Whole blood is used to measure blood cell counts and HbA1c levels. It contains anticoagulants to prevent clotting.

Plasma is mainly used to measure clotting factors, such as fibrinogen, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and other clotting factors.

Serum is the liquid part of blood after clotting. It is typically used for clinical biochemistry testing because it allows for a wide range of assays.

Lab tests can be grouped together as panels based on organ function, metabolism, or body system. Examples include renal panels (kidney function), liver panels (liver function), and lipid panels (cholesterol and other fats).

Anticoagulants are substances that prevent blood clotting. Common examples include EDTA, double oxalate, sodium citrate, and heparin.

Sodium fluoride inhibits glycolysis, which is the breakdown of glucose by blood cells. This is why sodium fluoride is used in blood tubes for glucose measurement.

Urine is a waste product from the kidneys, containing water, soluble nitrogen products, and electrolytes. It can be used to diagnose many diseases due to its composition.

Urinalysis is a common clinical analysis of urine that examines its physical and chemical properties to diagnose diseases. This analysis can provide insights into processes within the body.

Urine's colour reflects the concentration of dissolved substances, which can vary based on hydration levels and diet.

The smell of urine can provide information about the health of the kidneys and urinary tract.

The pH of urine can vary due to diet, with a typical range of 4.6 to 8.0.

The density of urine is a measure of how concentrated it is, and normally ranges from 1.001 to 1.035.

Turbidity refers to the cloudiness of urine, which can be caused by suspended particles like cells, bacteria, or crystals.

The presence of red blood cells in the urine is indicative of kidney damage or disease.

The composition of urine can be altered by the kidney's secretion and reabsorption processes.

Abnormal urine composition can reflect kidney function issues or disease.

Urine pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity in urine. It can be affected by diet, particularly protein intake. Vegans tend to have higher urine pH compared to omnivores due to lower protein consumption.

Urine creatinine is a measure of the waste product produced by muscle breakdown. It reflects kidney function, with lower levels potentially indicating kidney problems.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear fluid found in the brain and spinal cord. It provides nutrients, removes waste, and acts as a shock absorber.

CSF analysis is a diagnostic tool to examine the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord, helping to identify conditions like infections or hemorrhages affecting the central nervous system.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage is bleeding into the space between the brain and its protective layers. It's a serious condition requiring rapid diagnosis for better outcomes.

Xanthochromia is the yellowish discoloration of CSF, often found in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. This discoloration is due to the presence of broken-down red blood cells.

Spectrophotometry is a technique used in clinical biochemistry to measure the amount of light absorbed or transmitted by a substance. It helps identify and quantify different substances in samples.

Fluorimetry is a technique that uses fluorescence to measure the concentration of specific substances in samples. It's often used for detecting trace amounts of analytes.