Blood and Urine Analysis Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What happens to the red blood cells (RBCs) during the centrifugation process?

They weight less than plasma and float at the top.

They settle to the bottom due to their weight. (correct)

They dissolve into the plasma.

They remain suspended in the plasma.

What is the normal total protein content of plasma?

200 – 400 mg/dl

2.5 – 3.5 g/100 ml

6 – 8 g/100 ml (correct)

3.5 – 5 g/100 ml

In which condition is the albumin:globulin (A/G) ratio typically inverted?

Heart diseases

Bone marrow disorders

Liver diseases (correct)

Lung infections

Which component remains suspended between plasma and red blood cells after centrifugation?

White blood cells and platelets Signup and view all the answers

How is serum obtained from whole blood?

By centrifuging blood without anticoagulant. Signup and view all the answers

What does the appearance of a deep yellow color in urine indicate?

Presence of urea Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the phosphate test when the yellow Canarian color appears?

Indicates phosphate presence Signup and view all the answers

Which test indicates the presence of urobilinogen in urine?

Erlich test Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glutamine in relation to ammonia?

Removes the toxic effect of ammonia Signup and view all the answers

What does a white milky color in the urine mean after conducting the calcium test?

Presence of calcium Signup and view all the answers

Under which conditions is ammonia excretion likely to increase?

Diabetes Mellitus Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if the sulfur powder remains on the surface during the Hay sulfur test?

Absence of urobilinogen Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes hyperuricemia in the context of gout?

Elevated levels of uric acid in the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of gout related to uric acid?

Under-excretion of uric acid Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the deposition of sodium urate crystals in joints?

Low solubility of uric acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal serum uric acid range for males?

3-7 mg/dL Signup and view all the answers

What process primarily results in the production of uric acid?

Degradation of purines Signup and view all the answers

What happens to uric acid excretion in metabolic gout?

It increases Signup and view all the answers

What is an indicator of protein presence in urine when using the Nitric Acid Test?

Appearance of a white ring at the junction Signup and view all the answers

Which test involves the use of copper sulfate to detect protein in urine?

Biuret test Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of urine urea excretion per day?

20-40 g/day Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a 24-hour urine collection?

To assess daily protein excretion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the urine dipstick test?

It primarily detects albuminuria. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can lead to increased urinary urea excretion?

Diabetes Mellitus Signup and view all the answers

What indicates the presence of urea in urine during the diacetyl monoxime test?

Orange yellow or reddish brown color Signup and view all the answers

In performing a sulphosalicylic acid test, what observation indicates the presence of protein?

Appearance of white precipitation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main toxic effect of ammonia in the blood?

Central nervous system toxicity Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when collecting urine for protein/creatinine ratio measurement?

Conduct the test on a first morning voided urine specimen. Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for the formation of ammonia from glutamine in the kidneys?

Glutaminase Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial step in the 24-hour urine collection process?

Emptying the bladder before starting the collection Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended storage temperature for a 24-hour urine collection?

Room temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary fates of ammonia produced in the peripheral tissues?

Formation of urea Signup and view all the answers

How are traces of ammonia typically present in the blood?

10-80 ug/dL Signup and view all the answers

Which metabolic processes contribute to ammonia production in the body?

Glutaminase activity and dietary sources Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of detergent in the DNA extraction process?

To dissolve the cell membrane made of phospholipids. Signup and view all the answers

Which barrier is specific to plant cells that must be overcome in DNA extraction?

Cell wall Signup and view all the answers

What role does ice cold alcohol play in the DNA extraction process?

It causes DNA to precipitate as it is not soluble in alcohol. Signup and view all the answers

Why is salt used in the DNA extraction buffer?

To stabilize the negatively charged phosphate groups of DNA. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of EDTA in the extraction buffer?

To chelate magnesium and inhibit nucleases. Signup and view all the answers

During the filtration step of the DNA extraction process, what is the purpose of using nylon gauze?

To separate fibers and debris from the cell solution. Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial step in the DNA extraction protocol?

Crushing the source of DNA. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to pour alcohol slowly down the side of the test tube?

To avoid mixing the alcohol with the tomato solution. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Practical Biochemistry Study Notes

Course Name: Practical Biochemistry
University: Minia University
Faculty: Medicine
Department: Biochemistry
Year: First year
Academic Year: 2024-2025

Lab Safety

Essential Practices: Practice proper lab attire (lab coat, gloves, protective goggles, IDs), identify warning signs, understand hazard material procedures, and know how centrifuges work.
Safe Working: Lab is a serious work environment, careless behavior is not tolerated. Safe working protects the user, other lab workers, cleaners, visitors, and the workspace.
Safety Rules: Adhere to lab coat, book placement, and lab manual use regulations. Listen carefully to instructions and stand properly during lab sessions. Read experiment instructions beforehand.
General Work Procedure: During lab work, ask questions, wear safety eyewear, and gloves when handling blood specimens. Avoid broken glassware and inspect glassware for cracks. Use flames cautiously and avoid carrying hot or dangerous equipment and chemicals unsupervised. Never taste or handle chemicals with your bare hands; keep lids on bottles and inform instructor about any issues.

Laboratory Instruments and Apparatuses

Volume Measurement: Instruments for volume measurements depend on the instrument's size—a smaller diameter generally means more accurate measurement.
- Graduated Cylinders: Used to measure various liquid volumes.
- Syringes: Used for precise liquid transfer.
- Burets: Instruments with stopcocks for precise liquid control.
- Pipettes: Used to accurately measure and deliver specific portions of liquids (1mL-10mL). Automatic pipettes are most accurate (1µL-1000µL).
Chemical Handling:
- Test Tubes: Holding/processing liquid samples for various lab procedures (heating, dissolving, centrifugation).
- Bottles/Containers: For storage of various chemicals and reagents. Use informative labels.
- Pipette Pump: Used for glassware delivery without mouth suction.
- Spatulas: Used for handling solid powdered chemicals.
- Test Tube Racks: Hold/organize test tubes on a lab bench. Plastic racks may melt if heated excessively.
- Test Tube Holders: Used when handling hot/unsafely handled test tubes.

Blood & Plasma & Serum

Blood: Red-colored fluid, composed of blood cells suspended in blood plasma.
Plasma: Straw-colored liquid component of blood containing proteins, glucose, clotting factors, minerals, and waste.
Serum: Plasma without fibrinogen and other clotting factors.
Plasma Components: Water (91%), Inorganic components (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, HCO3, HPO4), Organic components (plasma proteins 6-8%, hormones [cortisol, thyroxine], vitamins, lipids, blood gases (O2 and CO2), other metabolites [glucose, amino acids, urea, uric acid]).
Cellular Components: Blood cells (RBCs, WBCs, and platelets) comprise 40-45% of total blood volume.

Methods of Separation of Plasma and Serum

Mixing blood with anticoagulants (heparin, oxalate, EDTA) prevents clotting. Thoroughly mix.
Centrifuge the mixture, (2000-2500 rpm for 5-10 min).
Separate the supernatant fluid (plasma) or serum (plasma without clotting factors).

Protein concentration in different body fluid

Normal plasma protein content: 6-8 g/100 mL.
Key protein components: Albumin (3.5-5 g/dL), Globulins (2.5-3.5 g/dL), and Fibrinogen (200-400 mg/dL).
Most plasma proteins are synthesized in the liver (except immunoglobulins).
Albumin:globulin ratio (A/G ratio) is usually between 1.2:1 or 1.5:1.

CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid)

Normal CSF protein levels: 15-45 mg/dL.
Infants have higher CSF protein levels than adults.
CSF protein concentration falls rapidly from birth to six months.

Urine Analysis

Volume: Normal adult urine volume: 1-1.8 liters/24 hours. Ratio of night-to-day urine production is usually 1:2 or 1:3.
Color: Normal urine color: from pale yellow to deep yellow, depending on concentration.
Odor: Normal odor is slightly aromatic, but in standing urine, the typical odor is ammonical.
Reaction (pH): Normal urine pH is slightly acidic (around 6.8).
Specific Gravity: Adult values 1.001-1.025, newborn typically 1.015-1.018. A higher value typically denotes a higher concentration of solutes in the urine.
Physical Properties:
- Appearance (Crystal Formation, Pus, Blood Cells, Bacteria, and Fatty substances).

Chemical Examination of Urine

Reducing Sugars: Test positive for reducing sugars like glucose, galactose, or fructose, using Benedict's test.
Ketone Bodies: Detection of ketone bodies using Rothera test.
Urinary Proteins: Test for presence of urinary proteins, such as albumin, globulin, or other using heat coagulation test.
Urea: Detect Urea utilizing the diacetyl monoxime test.
Phosphate: presence of phosphate using ammonium molybdate test.
Calcium: Presence/absence of calcium with ammonium oxalate test.
Bile Salts: Test for presence of bile salts using the Hay sulfur test.

Clinical Enzymology

Enzyme Definition: Biological catalysts accelerating reaction rates and often specific to tissues.
Serum Enzymes: Enzymes in blood; some are essential (clotting) and others are present but not active in blood.
Clinical Application: Measurement of tissue-specific enzyme levels can indicate injury, death, or tissue problems in organs.

DNA Extraction

Definition: Removing DNA from cells.
Sources: Any living tissue (plants, animals).
DNA Extraction Procedure:
- Crushing /Lyse: Break open cells to release DNA.
- Extraction Buffer: Dissolve membranes, proteins, and stabilizes DNA.
- Ice-Cold Alcohol: Precipitates DNA.
DNA Extraction Protocol: outlines detailed steps and components, and lab equipment to conduct procedure.

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

Definition: In vitro cloning technique amplifying specific DNA sequences efficiently.
Principle: Repeating cycles of DNA synthesis utilizing heat-stable enzymes (and primers) for efficient target amplification.
Components: DNA polymerase, primers, DNA template, dNTPs.
Steps: Denaturing, Annealing, and Extending using DNA polymerase catalyzing primer extension.
Applications: Diagnose infectious diseases, genetic disorders, genetic engineering, forensic science, and environmental studies.
Types: Conventional, Multiplex, Nested, and other specialized PCR variants.

Urine Sheet

This is a form to record specific urine analysis results.
Results of urine tests are recorded, including details about physical characteristics (volume, color, odor) and chemical properties (reducing sugar, ketone bodies, proteins, urea, phosphates, and bile salts/bile pigments).

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Description

Test your knowledge on various aspects of blood and urine analysis. This quiz covers the processes and components involved in centrifugation, protein content in plasma, and indicators of health based on urine characteristics. Dive into the details of common conditions like gout and the significance of test results.